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Kim，K.eta.l
Fig.1. Seojangdae，HwaseongFortres s，Korea，(a)beforeand，(b)afterarson.
tionsonhowcitizens，localinstitutions，andthegovem- mentcouldcolaborateindevelopingdomesticsitepro- tectionsystems[6].
2.Methodology
Theresearchdetailedhereisbasedonasurveyof 413culturalasetsinKyotoandKobe. Throughanon- sitesurvey，westudiedculturalpropertieswithdisaster preventionequipmen.t Inareviewofhistoricalrecords， weconductedabibliographicsurveyandanalyzedarson incidents.
2.1.Questionaire
A questionairewasmailedto413tangiblecultural propertiesinKyotoandKobe，inc1udingshrines，cas- tles，privateresidences，co百'eeshops，andotherdesignated properties. Ofthese，214，or49.7%，retumedvalidre- sponses，whichwethenanalyzed.Theyinc1uded40%of responsesfromtemples，35%fromShintoshrines，13% fromprivateresidences，2%fromprivatetemples，and
10%fromrelatedinstitutions. Thesurveyconsistedofquestionsoninstaledfireand
disasterpreventionequipment，systemframeworks，and outbreaksoffire，inc1udingarson.
2.2. RecordsandOrト SiteSurveys
Tomoredeplyanalyzefireanddisasterprevention equipmentandsystemsbeyondinformationprovidedin questionaireresponses，weanalyzed3casesofarson onculturalpropertiesinnewspapers，reports，andrelated literaturebetwen1950and205. On-sitesurveyswere heldatwoodenculturalheritagesitesinKyotoandKobe havingasortedfireanddisasterpreventionequipment andsystemsinstaled.Theseinc1udedUjiShrine，Katsura ImperialVila，NijoCastle，HimejiCastle，IkouTemple andHase-dera.
2
3.Results
Analysesofresearchandquestionaireresults，on-site surveys，recordexaminationsandbibliographicsurveys weredividedintofire-anddisaster-preventionequipment andsystems，白re，andarson.
3.1.CulturalProperties
Japan'sCulturalAsetsPreservationActcoversimpor- tantculturalandregisteredculturalpropertiesandtradi- tionalbuildingpreservation.Buildingpreservationareas aredesignatedbytheJapanesegovernmentasculturalas- sets，andthosedesignatedasespecialyimportantarena- tionaltreasures. Culturalheritagesitesnotqualifyingas importantculturalpropertiesmayhavetheirvaluecon- sideredandforpreservationandaplicationmaybecome registeredculturalproperties. Ifdesignatedassuchby localgovernments，theyarerecognizedasdesignatedcul- turalproperties.
OfJapan's264surveyedculturalheritagesites，17 arenationaltreasures，89importantculturalproperties， 25designatedculturalproperties，18municipalcultural properties，and15withnodesignation，asshowninFig.2. 214 locations inc1ude 86 temples， 75 Shinto shrines， 28privateresidences，4privatetemples，and21related mstItutlOns.
3.2.Analysis of Fire- and Disaster-Preventive EquipmentandControlSystems
3.2.1.Fire-andDisaster-PreventiveEquipment
Oftheculturalpropertiesabove，44%ofrepresentatives statedthattheyhadinstaledandusedautomaticfirealarm systems，26%aheatdetector，10%aflamedetector，an- other10%anelectricleakagedetector，8% atempera印 re sensor，and1%asmokedetector，butanother1%hadin- stalednoneataU，asshowninFig.3.
Topreventposibleproblemsfromlightning，37%of alinstitutionshadlightningprotectionsystemsinplace.
JoumalofDisasterResearchVo.110N0.4， 2015