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15.2 Result: As a Result, Therefore, Thus

1. Transition words of result are similar in meaning The exam was long, so it was tiring.
to so. Notice the difference in punctuation.
The exam was long. Therefore, it was tiring.

2. Therefore can come at the beginning or within Pat missed the lecture. Therefore, he’s going to
a sentence. It is similar in meaning to “for that ask Rina for her notes.
reason.”
Pat missed the lecture. He is, therefore, going
to ask Rina for her notes.

3. Thus can come at the beginning or within a Mars has a rocky surface. Thus, it is the same
sentence. It is similar in meaning to therefore. type of planet as Mercury, Venus, and Earth.

4. As a result is usually used at the beginning of a She has a good telescope. As a result, she was
sentence. able to see the rings around Saturn.

See chart 15.1 on page 428 for rules on comma usage with transition words.

6 Rewrite each sentence as one or two sentences. Replace so with the words in parentheses.
Add commas where necessary.

1. Digital learning is becoming more popular, so teachers’ roles are changing. (as a result)

Digital learning is increasing. As a result, teachers roles are changing.

2. Digital learning gives students more control, so they become more active learners. (thus)

3. Digital learning gives students more responsibility, so they become more independent. (as a result)

4. We can often both see and hear content online, so it is more interactive. (therefore)

5. That course is very popular, so it fills up quickly. (therefore)

6. Our university has an excellent biology department, so many students major in biology. (thus)

430 COMBINING IDEAS
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