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Citation-order system. A system of referencing in which references are cited in numerical order as they appear in the
text. Thus, References is in citation order, not in alphabetical order.

Compositor. One who sets type. Equivalent terms are "typesetter" and "keyboarder."

Conference report. A paper written for presentation at a conference. Most conference reports do not meet the
definition of valid publication. A well-written conference report can and should be short; experimental detail and
literature citation should be kept to a minimum.

Copyeditor. The title given to a person (usually an employee of the publisher) whose responsibility it is to prepare
manuscripts for publication by providing markup for the printer as well as any needed improvements in spelling,
grammar, and style.

Copyright. The exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, and sell written intellectual property.

Council of Biology Editors. An organization whose members are involved with the writing, editing, and publishing
of books and journals in biology and related fields. Address: 60 Revere Dr., Suite 500, Northbrook, IL 60062.

Cropping. The marking of a photograph so as to indicate parts that need not appear in the published photograph. As a
result, the essential material is "enlarged" and highlighted.

Current Contents. A weekly publication providing reproductions of the contents pages of many journals. Scientists
can thus keep up with what is being published in their field. Six different editions are published in different fields
(including Arts and Humanities) by the Institute for Scientific Information.

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D

Discussion. The final section of an IMRAD paper. Its purpose is to fit the results from the current study into the
preexisting fabric of knowledge. The important points will be expressed as conclusions.

Dual publication. Publication of the same data two (or more) times in primary journals. A clear violation of scientific
ethics.

E

Editor. The title usually given to the person who decides what will (and will not) be published in a journal or in a
multiauthor book.

Editorial consultant. See Referee.

Electronic journal. Electronic journals are online versions of print publications that can be accessed via computer
over the Internet. An ever-increasing number of electronic journals (or e-journals) on scientific topics are becoming
available each year. Electronic journals allow a quicker, cheaper, and wider dissemination of scientific research than
can usually be achieved with print publications.

E-mail. E-mail (or electronic mail) refers to the transmission of messages across the Internet from one computer to
another, or to many other computers. E-mail allows scientists in different parts of the country or the world to
collaborate more easily and fully on research and writing projects.

F

Festschrift. A volume of writings by different authors presented as a tribute or memorial to a particular individual.

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