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1. Huth EJ. Guidelines on authorship of medical papers. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104:269–74.
2. Sproul J, Klaaren H, Mannarino F. Surgical treatment of Freiberg's infraction in athletes. Am J Sports Med 1993;
21:381–4.
3. Day RA. How to write and publish a scientific paper. 5th ed. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998.
In addition to its nonalphabetical arrangement of references, the citation order system is markedly different from the
others in its advocacy of eliminating periods after abbreviations (of journal titles, for example), periods after authors'
initials, and commas after authors' surnames. If you plan to submit a manuscript to any journal using this system of
citation, you should obtain a copy of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
Individual
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copies are available without charge from the Secretariat Office, Annals of Internal Medicine, American College of
Physicians, Independence Mall West, Sixth St. at Race, Philadelphia, PA 19106.
Electronic Creation of Footnotes, References, and Citations
Most word-processing programs make it easy to number citations and place references at the end of your document.
Merely place your cursor wherever you want the citation number to appear, and select your program's footnote or
endnote command to insert the citation number. The number is automatically placed, and a window appears in which
to key the reference item. You can select the type style and size of both the citation and the reference. Reference
preferences are also available, including location, type style, and size.
Some publications prefer the superscript numbering scheme, in which the numbers are smaller than the body text and
raised above the text line, as shown in the following example:
This was the most startling conclusion to arise from the Wilson study. 5
In Microsoft Word, the default number will be inserted automatically in 9 point type and raised 3 points from the
baseline of the text. Merely place the cursor where you want the number to appear and choose the Footnote command.
Notes can be placed at the foot of the page on which their superscript reference appears, or at the end of the paper as
preferred by most journals. The program automatically maintains the numbering scheme even when a citation number
is added to or deleted from an earlier section of text. The citation numbers can be Arabic, roman numerals, lower case
or capital letters, or symbols.
Citation and Reference Software
EndNote is a software application that provides formats for many of the standard reference styles accepted by
journals. At the touch of a key, EndNote allows an entire bibliography to be formatted in a selected style. If your
manuscript is rejected by one publication, you can reformat the references to meet the requirements of another journal,
again, at the touch of a key. In addition, EndNote can reformat the text citations as
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well as the Literature Cited section at the end of the manuscript. EndNote and other similar applications bring great
accuracy and ease of use to the compiling of references. Once a reference has been entered fully and correctly, it need
never be keyed in again; unless changed in some way, it will always be correct.
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