Page 67 - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

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NPP Computer Basics and Windows Fundamentals 67

ductor chip of ROM (Read Only Memory) is a hmS>©do`a h¡ bo{H$Z Bg_| h_oem Hw$N> ñWm`r àmoJ«m_ ~Zo hmoVo
hardware. But the permanent programs writ-
ten are called software. Since a ROM is a non- h¢Ÿ {OÝh| gm°âQ>do¶a H$hm OmVm h¡& M±y{H$ ROM EH$ Zm°Z
volatile memory, programs always reside in dmobo-Q>mBb ‘o‘moar h¡ Bg{bE àmoJ«måg h‘oem ROM ‘|
ROM, even if power is turned off. Thus, the ahVo h¡ ¶{X nm°da ~ÝX ^r H$a {X¶m Om¶o& AV… EPROM,
software is permanently built in a chip. Thus,
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM are the best ex- EEPROM Am{X \$_©do`a Ho$ CXmhaU h¢Ÿ&
amples of a firmware.

1.36 Windows 1.36 qdS>moO

Microsoft developed an operating system _mBH«$mogm°âQ> Ûmam ng©Zc H$åß`yQ>g© (PC) Ho$ {cE
called Windows for Personal Computers (PC). qdS>moO Zm_ go EH$ Am°naoqQ>J {gñQ>_ {dH${gV {H$`m J`m
This operating system allows its user to use h¡& Bg Am°naoqQ>J {gñQ>_ go J«m{\$H$c `yOa B§Q>a\o$g
Graphical User Interface (GUI). Nowadays it is (GUI) H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm g§^d h¡& dV©_mZ _| PC Ed§
the most widely used operating system for PCs
and laptops. The first version of Windows from c¡nQ>m°ßg hoVw Bg Am°naoqQ>J {gñQ>_ H$m ~hþVm`V _| Cn`moJ
Microsoft was Windows 1.0 released in 1985. {H$`m Om ahm h¢& qdS>moO H$m àW_ g§ñH$aU _mBH«$mogm°âQ>
Since then many enhanced versions were re- Ûmam 1985 _| qdS>moO 1.0 Ho$ Zm_ go àñVwV {H$`m J`m
leased. Later versions are Windows 2.0, Win- Wm& CgHo$ ~mX BgHo$ AZoH$ CÝZV g§ñH$aU Omar {H$E
dows 2.1, Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1x, Win- JE& ~mX Ho$ g§ñH$aUm| _| qdS>moO 2.0, qdS>moO 2.1, qdS>moO
dows 3.2, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 3.0, qdS>moO 3.1x, qdS>moO 3.2, qdS>moO 95, qdS>moO
ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 98, qdS>moO ME, qdS>moO XP, qdS>moO {dñQ>m, qdS>moO 7,
Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10. All qdS>moO 8, qdS>moO 8.1, qdS>moO 10 em{_c h¡& `o g^r
these versions run on desktop computers. de©Ýg S>oñH$Q>m°n H$åß`yQ>g© na McmE OmVo h¡& _mBH«$mogm°âQ>
Microsoft also released OS for server comput-
ers. These are Windows NT, Windows Server Ûmam gd©a H$åß`yQ>g© hoVw ^r OS Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& `o
2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server qdS>moO NT, qdS>moO gd©a 2000, qdS>moO gd©a 2003,
2005, Windows Server 2008, and Windows qdS>moO gd©a 2005, qdS>moO gd©a 2008 VWm qdS>moO
Server 2012. gd©a 2012 Ho$ Zm_ go Omar {H$E JE&
1.36.1 Features of Windows 1.36.1 qdS>moO H$s {deofVmE§

Windows provided many features with its qdS>moO Ûmam BgHo$ {d{^ÝZ de©Ýg Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
different versions that allow convenient graphi- H$åß`yQ>a H$m gw{dYmOZH$ J«m{\$H$c Cn`moJ g§^d h¡& Hw$N>
cal use of the computer. Some of the basic fea-
tures which are available in almost all versions _hËdnyU© {d{eîQ>VmE§ Omo AmO H$ar~ g^r de©Ýg _| CncãY
which are in use today are described below: h¡, {ZåZmZwgma h¡:
Desktop S>oñH$Q>m°n

When the computer is started with Win- O~ H$åß`yQ>g© _| qdS>moO OS H$mo ewê$ {H$`m OmVm h¡
dows OS, whatever work area we see at the Vmo, dH©$ E[a`m Omo h_ H$åß`yQ>a S>oñH$Q>m°n H$s _m°{ZQ>a H$s
computer monitor's screen, is the desktop. This ñH«$sZ na XoIVo h¢, S>oñH$Q>m°n H$hbmVm h¡& Bg dH©$ñnog Ho$