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CHAPTER
9
Membrane Filtration
9.1 Introduction 188
9.2 The Membrane Filtration Process 190
9.2.1 Source Water Processing
(Filtration) 190
9.2.1.1 Membrane Flux 191
9.2.1.2 Trans-membrane
Pressure 191
9.2.1.3 Membrane Permeability 192
9.2.2 Membrane Backwash 192
9.2.3 Membrane Cleaning 193
9.2.4 Membrane Integrity Testing 194
9.3 Key Filtration System Components 194
9.3.1 Filter Vessels/Modules 194
9.3.2 Membrane Filtration Media 194 9.3.2.1 Membrane Materials 194 9.3.2.2 Membrane Geometries 196
9.3.3 Service Facilities and Equipment 197
9.4 Filter Types and Configurations 197
9.4.1 Pressurized Membrane Systems 197
9.4.2 Submerged Membrane Systems 198
9.4.3 Comparison of Pressurized and
Submerged Systems 199
9.4.3.1 Handling Source Water Quality Variations 200
9.4.3.2 Pretreatment System Footprint 201
9.4.3.3 Equipment and Construction Costs and
Energy Requirements 201 9.4.3.4 Commoditization
Potential 202
9.5 Filter Performance 203
9.6
9.7
9.5.1 Removal of Solids 203
9.5.2 Removal of Organics 203
9.5.3 Removal of Microorganisms 203
9.5.3.1 Algae 203 9.5.3.2 Bacteria and Viruses 204
Planning and Design
Considerations 204
9.6.1 Source Water Turbidity 205
9.6.2 Organic Content of the Source
Water 205
9.6.3 Temperature 206
9.6.4 Experience With Existing
Installations 206
Overview of Membrane Products
Used for Saline Water
Pretreatment 207 9.7.1 X-Flow (Pentair) 207 9.7.2 Memcor (Evoqua) 210 9.7.3 Hydranautics (Nitto-Denko) 212
OUTLINE
Pretreatment for Reverse Osmosis Desalination
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809953-7.00009-7 187 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.