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also support research/a lot of research support in the US academic system comes from industry. In India, more than
80% of the funding comes from the Government. Of course, the situation is changing very rapidly in India but at the
moment the knowledge in the academic system in India scientists like me for instance, we want our knowledge to
be in equilibrium with the academic system in the already developed countries who published these leading journals.
Even in CHARUSAT if you look for promotion and you are asked, were your papers in the highly cited journals in
which citation Index? And is it in the H index? and so on. Inevitably it is going to happen.

Indian industry spans a wide range; there are some areas - nuclear, space, knowledge, chemicals, some
areas of defence where we are on top we are very close to the levels in the already developed countries. Many areas
we are way below and whenever we are too far from the industry; Indian industries are too far in terms of knowledge
compared to that in the developed countries. They go for the easy option of transfer of technology and that gives
you technology which is last year’s technology. They will never give you today’s technology. Also, they will also
put a clause when they will give equipment i.e. if you touch this black box, your warranty is off. So, you can’t even
change anything but the good thing is India is growing. Make no mistakes, India is growing as that is the knowledge
in industry system comes closer and closer to industrial knowledge in the already developed countries, they will stop
technology transfer. Indian academic system including your university must be prepared for that time it is not very
far off. I feel in the 15-20 years because they have burned their hands with China. Gave them the technology. Now
China holds all the cards. At that time, we can play the cards as well as we could have played.

We had a meeting just now called by our president and Board of management members were there and we
were talking about this entrepreneurship development because that is the starting point you must have and then the
government has got the Startup India Programme. Of course, you must have Startup India in commerce and services
but it is equally important to have start-ups in manufacturing technology because you can have an excellent eco-
system where you have excellence in basic research and applied research, technology development and R&D led
innovations. But unless you back all this by high-quality manufacturing skills and today information diffusion is so
fast that what you do today here is known to everybody within 24 hours. Somebody or other for ego or whatever
reasons let everybody use it. It is very difficult in this digital age to protect information. In fact, that is a reason even
Bell Labs which at one time were called ‘Idea Factories’. They discovered the principle of the transistor and made
money out of that transistor. No longer possible. The moment you do it everybody knows what is the principle of the
transistor. So, in fact, there is a nice book by Gertner how these ideas factories, industries are also going down in
supporting basic research because that becomes the responsibility of the government to support research.

As Dr Pankaj Joshi said, “The academic system has to play a major role and must combine research and
teaching”. There is this old German concept that guy who does good research is/can be a good teacher - not always.
Niels Bohr, a very bad teacher, but discovered the structure of atoms and so on. You know science is also getting
more and more internationalized. The large hydron collider mentioning in the lecture yesterday that this is the collider
which in Geneva hundred meters below the ground runs by the Centre for European Nuclear Research (CERN) and
protons are going around in a 26-kilometre circumference ring. One proton going clock-wise another proton going
anti-clockwise in actually in whole proton beam. Once in a while they brought together and they collide and when
they collide you have to read the good old Einstein equation the wrong way i.e. E=MC . Nuclear energy is based on
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the fact that when fission takes place or the fission of Uranium or Plutonium takes place there is a mass deficit when
you count the masses of the result and the products and that mass is converted into Nuclear energy i.e. E=MC . In
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the same way, if energy disappears, mass is produced that is how they do High Energy Experimental Physics. And
higher the masses of the colliding particles, higher are the masses of the new particles which you can produce. And
that is how they produced The Higgs bosons, they knew on the standard model, Higgs boson, which keeps masses
to the particles at the start of the big bang.

Hear from Dr Pankaj Joshi, about the big-bang one day which goes on under the cosmology and the
internationally known cosmologist and that is what they called the God-Particle, the strange name. If you are a believer
every particle is a god-particle not only Higgs-Boson. Boson, as we know, is the named after Dr Satyendranath Bose,
a great man. He and Einstein wrote that famous paper. The idea was of Satyendranath Bose, of course, the next
paper was written with Einstein - only two kinds of particles Fermions or Bosons. If the particle spins half it is the
Fermions if it is zero or integral spin it is Boson; Photons are Bosons. See light is quantized, particle there is the
photon, the photon is a boson. So, there is a huge number of Bosons and Higgs Boson was one such. And you know
the advantage there that these experiments were done in Geneva but the results were coming to Bombay because
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