Page 465 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

Play of the Virtues (Hildegard of Bingen), 236 Plebeians, in Rome, 99, 112
Plebiscita (Rome), 99
Pliny the Younger, 130, 140
Plotina (Rome), 132
Plow, wheeled, 200–201, 201
Pluralism, 303
Plutarch: on Lycurgan reforms, 57; Lycurgus,
69–70
Poets and poetry: female, 85; Greek, 52; in
High Middle Ages, 215; Latin, 109, 111, 129–31; troubadours and, 216. See also Literature
Pogroms, 253
Poland: Anabaptists in, 312; Christianity in,
190; Jesuits in, 317; Jews in, 239, 253; kingdom of, 230; monarchy in, 295; Mongols in, 231; Ottomans and, 296; partitions of, 367 (map)
Polis (Greek city-state), 54, 55, 56, 58, 67; in Hellenistic world, 83–84; Philip II (Macedonia) and, 74
Politics: in 14th century, 258, 260–62; of Anabaptists, 312; French Wars of Religion and, 320; in Germany, 308–10; in Hellenistic world, 82–83; of Muslims, 167; origins of term, 54; religion and, 361–62; in Rome, 98–99, 137–38, 147; slave trade and, 339
Politics (Aristotle), 66–67, 69 Politiques, 320
Poll tax, in England, 255 Pollution, 209, 211
Polo, Marco, 328–29
Poltava, Battle of, 369, 370
Polybius, 87, 104
Polyclitus (Greece), 65, 65
Polytheism, 12, 166; Greek religion and, 67 Pompey (Rome), 107, 113, 115
Pontiffs: in Rome, 106. See also Pope
Poor people. See Poverty
Pope: Eastern Orthodoxy and, 241; kings
crowned by, 173–74; Luther and, 307; Philip IV (France) and, 263; power of, 156–57. See also Papacy; specific popes
Popular culture, and religion, 315 Populares (Rome), 112, 113
Popular religion, in Middle Ages, 237–38 Population: in 17th century, 358; Black
Death and, 251, 253; in cities, 209; famine and, 250; growth of, 199 (tab.), 351; in High Middle Ages, 199–200, 199 (tab.); in Latin America, 336
Portraiture, in Renaissance, 287
Portugal: Americas and, 345–47; Asia and, 339–40, 342, 348; China and, 330, 344;
expansion by, 328, 329–31; India and, 329–30, 342; Japan and, 345; Latin America and, 348; New World and, 328; slavery and, 338; Spain and, 227, 362; sphere of influence of, 333. See also Portuguese Empire
Portuguese Empire, 329–31, 330, 331 (map), 339–40
Porus (India), 78 Poseidon (god), 67 Postumus, 138
Potatoes, 351
Pottery, Neolithic, 5
Poverty, in Rome, 134
Praetor (Rome), 98, 109
Praetorian guard (Rome), 122
Praise of Folly, The (Erasmus), 303 Predestination, Calvin on, 313
Prefectures, in Rome, 147
Presbyterians, 372
Presbyters, 372
Prester John, magical kingdom of, 328 Price revolution, 352
Priests. See Religion(s)
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 280–81, 281, 282 Princeps (Rome), 121, 122
Principate, 121
Principia (Newton), 391, 393
Printing, 276, 286, 387
Priscus, 151–52
Prisoners of war, 339
Proconsul (Rome), 98
Procurator (Russia), 369
Professions, study of, 213
Prolegomena (Ibn Khaldun), 208–9 Proletariat, in Rome, 112, 113
Property rights, for women, 12, 23 Prophets: Israelite, 32–34; Muhammad as,
167, 168
Propraetor (Rome), 98
Prose, Latin, 111, 131–32
Prosperity. See Economy
Prostitution, in Middle Ages, 211 Protest(s), in High Middle Ages, 238–39 Protestantism: by 1560, 316 (map); church
organization in, 307–8; Peace of Augsburg and, 309, 309 (map); Puritans and, 372, 374; spread of, 310, 312–14; women and, 315. See also Huguenots
Protestant Reformation, 305–15
Provence, France, 292
Provinces: Egyptian, 17; Roman, 98, 122–23,
125, 149
Prussia: acquisitions of, 367 (map);
government of, 367; Teutonic Knights and, 230. See also Brandenburg-Prussia; Silesia
Ptolemaic-Aristotelian cosmology, 391, 400 Ptolemaic universe, 387, 388, 389
Ptolemy (Egypt) and Ptolemaic dynasty, 81,
85; Ptolemy II, 85
Ptolemy, Claudius, 213, 289, 329, 330, 352,
386
Public works, 111, 125, 164
Punic Wars, 102–3, 104, 105 Punishment: in Germanic law, 154–55; in
Hammurabi’s Code, 10, 11; of medieval
crimes, 209, 210 Punt, 18
Purgatory, 304
Puritans, 315, 372, 374, 376
Puteoli (port), 127
Pyramids: Egyptian, 17 (map), 19–20;
Mayan, 334 Pythagoras, 289
Qianlong (China), 344, 345
Qing Empire (China), 344–45, 345 (map)
Quadrivium, 162
Quaestors (Rome), 98
Quakers, 339
Queens: Hellenistic, 85. See also specific
rulers
Quetzalcoatl (god), 334 Qur’an, 167, 194
Radical Reformation, 312
Radicals and radicalism, Anabaptists and,
312
Ramadan, 167, 168
Ramesses II (Egypt), Abu Simbel statues of,
24
Raphael, 288, 289, 289, 290, 297, 298 al-Rashid, Harun, 193
Rationalism, 398. See also Reason
Ravenna, 164
Raw materials, 163, 353
Razzia (raid), 168
Re (god), 18
Realism: in Dutch painting, 380, 380–81; in
medieval painting, 267; in Renaissance
painting, 287
Reason: faith and, 215. See also Rationalism Rebellions. See Revolts and rebellions Recessions, in 17th century, 358 Reconquista (Spain), 227, 227 (map) Record keeping: Mesopotamian, 14;
Neolithic, 5
Red Sea region, 18
Reform and reformers: in Athens, 58–59; of
Catholic Church, 296–97; Christian humanism and, 302–3; in Rome, 112, 147–49; in Russia, 369; in Sparta, 57. See also Reformation
Reformation, 302. See also Catholic Reformation; Protestant Reformation
Reformed churches, 307, 308 Regensburg Colloquy, 319 ‘‘Regulations of Avignon, The,’’ 240 Reichstag (Germany), 305
Reims, 217
Relics (Catholic Church), 237–38, 304 Religion(s): in Assyria, 38; in Çatal Hu¨yu¨k,
4–5; as characteristic of civilizations, 6; in eastern Europe, 295; in Egypt, 18–19, 20, 21; in England, 312–13, 322, 372, 374; expansion and, 329; in France, 363, 364–65; in Germany, 308–10, 361; Greek, 67–68; Hellenistic, 90–91; Hittite, 29; of Israelites, 32–34; in Mesopotamia, 12–13; Muslim politics and, 167; mystery, 90; Paleolithic cave paintings and, 4; in Persia, 44–45; politics and, 361–62; popular culture and, 315; in Rome, 106, 138–43, 147; science and, 400–402; Thirty Years’ War and, 359, 361–62; Wars of, 319–20; witchcraft craze and, 358–59. See also Crusades; Gods and goddesses; Popular religion; Reformation; specific groups
Religious orders, 233–37, 316–17. See also Monks and monasteries; specific orders Religious toleration, in Persian Empire, 41
Rembrandt van Rijn, 380, 380–81 Re´my, Nicholas, 359
Index 427
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