Page 466 - Western Civilization A Brief History, Volume I To 1715 9th - Jackson J. Spielvogel

Renaissance: arts in, 286–92; banquets in, 275; Carolingian, 178; Catholic Church in, 296–98; characteristics of, 274–76; education in, 284–85; in Italy, 274–92, 279 (map); magic in, 387; in northern Europe, 290–91; papacy in, 297, 297–98; printing in, 286; social orders in, 277–78; state in, 292–96
Republic, The (Plato), 66
Res Gestae (Augustus), 123
Resources, 276
Restoration, in England, 374, 376 Resurrection, in Egypt, 19
Revolts and rebellions: in cities, 255–56; in
England, 374; in France, 254, 255, 363; in Greece, 103; by Jews, 139; Luther and, 305; by Roman slaves, 107, 113; in Russia, 368–69; Thirty Years’ War and, 362
Revolution(s): in England, 376. See also Revolts and rebellions
Rhetoric (persuasive speaking), 65 Rhineland, 181
Rhine River region, 122, 125, 150 Rhodes, 51
Ribbed vaults, 217, 218
Ricci, Matteo, 317
Richard I the Lionhearted (England), 245 Richard II (England), 255, 261
Richard III (England), 292
Richelieu (Cardinal), 363
Rights: in Athens, 60; in Greek polis, 54;
Locke on, 378; of lords, 187; natural, 127; property rights for women, 12, 23; of townspeople, 207
Riots: in Constantinople, 163; at medieval universities, 213
Ritual, in Roman religion, 106, 138 Rivers: pollution of, 211. See also specific
river regions
Roads and highways: Inca, 336; Roman, 97,
101, 101, 111, 125, 127
Roma and Augustus, cult of, 138
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Romance languages, 181
Roman Confederation, 100–101
Roman Empire: in Augustan Age, 121–24;
Charlemagne and, 176; Christianity in, 138–43, 147, 149–50; creation of, 104; crises of 3rd century in, 137–38; culture and society in, 123–24, 129–36; divine mission of, 121; division of, 147, 148 (map); economy in, 127, 129, 138, 148–49; Egypt in, 21; Flavian dynasty in, 124, 135; frontiers of, 122–23, 125, 126 (map), 129; Germanic tribes and, 150–52; good emperors of, 125; Greek language in, 125, 127, 142; Julio-Claudian dynasty in, 124; late period in, 147–50, 148 (map), 152; law in, 127; literature in, 129–32; Rome (city) in, 132, 134–35, 134 (map); trade routes in, 127–29, 128 (map). See also Byzantine Empire; Roman Republic; Rome (ancient); Western Roman Empire
Romanesque architecture, 216, 216–17 Romania, as Dacia, 125, 138
428 Index
Roman Inquisition, 238, 319, 390–91 Romanization process, 115, 125–27, 150 Roman law, 98, 99, 107, 108–9, 110, 127,
162, 212, 214. See also Law codes Romanov dynasty, 368
Roman Republic: art and literature in, 109,
111; Carthage and, 102–3; conquest of Italy by, 99–101; decline of, 111–17; dominions in, 116 (map); emergence of, 95–98; imperialism by, 104; land in, 107, 112; Mediterranean region and, 102–4, 102 (map); political institutions in, 98–99; society and culture in, 99, 105–11; Twelve Tables in, 108–9, 110. See also Roman Empire; Rome (ancient)
Rome (ancient), 2; as city, 97, 97–98; Etruscans and, 96–97, 98; Greece and, 95–96, 100, 103, 105–6, 111; Pergamum and, 81; settlement of, 97; women in, 107–8, 109, 132. See also Roman Empire; Roman Republic; Rome (city)
Rome (city): bishop of, 149; Colosseum in, 135, 135; Holy Roman Empire and, 228–29; imperial, 132, 134–35, 134 (map); municipal administration in, 125–26; sack of (390 B.C.E.), 81; sack of (410 and 455), 150; sack of (1527), 280
Romulus and Remus, 97
Romulus Augustulus (Rome), 150
Rossi, Luigi de’, 297
Royal Academy of Sciences (France), 396,
399, 399–400
Royal Council (Britain), 347
Royal council (France), 363
Royal Observatory, at Greenwich, England,
400
Royal Road (Persia), 43
Royal Society (England), 395, 396, 399 ‘‘Royal Standard’’ of Ur, 9
Rubicon River, Caesar at, 115
Rudel, Jaufre´ , 216
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire), 389 Rudolf of Habsburg (Germany), 229 Rules, of Benedict, 157–58, 232, 236–37 Runnymede, Magna Carta and, 224, 225 Rurik, 191
Rus people, 191, 192
Russia: absolutism in, 368–70; China and,
345; Christianity in, 191, 231; development of, 231; government of, 369; Jews and, 253; military in, 369, 370; Mongols in, 230, 231, 295; Peter the Great and, 369–70, 370; revolts in, 362, 368–69; West and, 369; women in, 369
Russian Orthodox Church, 368–69. See also Eastern Orthodoxy
Sabines, 99
Sacraments: Calvin on, 313; Eucharist, 237;
Luther on, 305, 307, 311; in Middle Ages,
233
Sacred Way, in Rome, 97
Sacrifices, of animals, 13, 67, 68 Sadducees, 139
Sailors and sailing: Greek, 49; navigational
aids for, 329; Portuguese, 330–31. See also Ships and shipping
Saint(s): importance of, 237; relics and, 237–38. See also specific saints
Saint-Denis, abbey church of, 200, 217 Saint-Domingue, 346. See also Haiti
Saint Gall, monastery of, 179
St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome), 298, 379
St. Petersburg, Russia, 369, 371 (map) ‘‘Saints,’’ Anabaptists as, 312
Saint-Simon, duc de (Louis de Rouvroy), 358,
364
Saladin (Muslims), 245
Salamis, Battle of, 60
Sallust, 114
Salvation: Calvin on, 313; Christian, 141,
142, 202; clergy and, 237; Luther and,
304–5, 307; before Reformation, 304 Samaria, 30
Samnites, Romans and, 99–100
Samson (abbot), 222
Samurai (Japan), 185
Sanitation: in 14th century, 267; in cities,
209, 211
San Lorenzo, Church of, 287, 288
Sanskrit language, 28 SantaMar´ıa(ship),333
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, 286 Santi di Tito, 281
San Vitale, Church of, 164
Sardinia: Carthage and, 102; geography of,
95; megaliths in, 28; Phoenicians in, 34;
as Roman province, 103 Sardis, 42
Sargon I (Akkad), 10
Sassanid Persian Empire, 137–38 Satires (Horace), 130
Satrap (Persian governor), 43
Satrapy (Persian province), 40
Saul (Israel), 30
Saxons: Charlemagne and, 174, 176; in
England, 154; in Germany, 228 Saxony, 160, 176, 261 Scandinavia: Black Death in, 251;
Christianity in, 229; Kiev and, 231; Lutheranism in, 308; Vikings from, 181, 182–83. See also Vikings
Schliemann, Heinrich, 51
Scholarship. See Intellectual thought Scholasticism, 214–16, 283
School of Athens (Raphael), 289, 289 Schools: in High Middle Ages, 211–13, 212
(map), 213, 214; humanist, 284; in Islamic Empire, 194; Jesuit, 317; monastic, 348; for Sumerian scribes, 14. See also Education; Universities and colleges
Science(s): Hellenistic, 88–89; medieval scholars and, 213–14; Mesopotamian, 13–14; religion and, 400–402; society and, 400; women in, 395–97. See also Medicine; Scientific Revolution
Scientific laws: of Kepler, 389; of Newton, 393
Scientific method, 398–99
Scientific Revolution: astronomy in, 387–93;
background of, 386–87; chemistry in, 394–95; Eurocentrism and, 352; impact of, 385–86; medicine in, 393–94
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