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14.3. Sensors and actuators 281
Quantity being Measured Input Device Output Device
(Sensor) (Actuator)
Resistive thermometers
Thermocouple Heater
Temperature
Thermistor Fan
p-n junction
LDR
Lights & Lamps
Photodiode
Light Level
LED’s & Displays
Phototransistor
Fibre Optics
Solar Cell (Photo voltaic)
Strain Gauge
Lifts & Jacks
Pressure Switch
Force/Pressure
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Vibration
Load Cells
Potentiometer
Motor
Encoders
Position
Solenoid
Opto-switch
Panel meters
LVDT Motor
Tacho-generator AC and DC Motors
Speed Opto-coupler Stepper Motor
Doppler Effect Sensors Brake
Loudspeaker
Microphone
Sound Ultrasonic transducers
Piezo-electric Crystal
Buzzer
Table 14.1: Common Transducers
14.3.1.1 Temperature sensors
The most commonly used temperature sensors are resistance thermome-
ters, thermocouples, thermistors, and p-n junction. They can be used
for the measurement of temperature.
281
