Page 149 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa

Fig. 3.1.2.3 Fragment of a blue-and-white
Thomas Trenchard of Wolverton, Dorset, in gratitude for his hospitality after they For more information and sketch drawings of
the Ming porcelain finds, see Ana Rita Trinidade,
were shipwrecked off Weymouth, England in 1506 (Fig. 3.1.2.1). However, the Convento de Santana de Leiria: História, Vivências
e Cultura Material (Cerâmicas dos Séculos XVI a
bowl’s date of manufacture, and the silver-gilt mounts with a London hallmark for XVIII), unpublished MA dissertation, Universidade
1599–1600, suggest that the bowl reached England during the reign of Elizabeth Nova de Lisboa, 2012, pp. 62 and 111–117, and
Appendix I, pp. 247–279.
I. There is also a celadon-glazed stoneware bowl (probably Longquan) with silver- 106 Varela Gomes and Varela Gomes, 2007, pp. 79–80.
107 Although the Wucai style of decoration was
gilt mounts, recorded in the inventory of New College Oxford of c.1532, which is developed for the Chinese domestic market,
said to have been given by Philip I to William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury porcelain of this type was exported to Japan and
Southeast Asia during the Wanli reign. Harrison-
(c.1450–1532) (Fig. 3.1.2.2). The Archbishop, who crowned Henry VIII of England Hall, 2001, pp. 211, 213, 273 and 275; and Christiaan
J.A. Jörg, Famille Verte. Chinese Porcelain in Green
(r. 1509–1547) and married the King to his brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragón Enamels, Groningen, 2011, p. 10.
(1485–1536) in 1509, would presumably have regarded this stoneware bowl as 108 For a discussion and sketch drawings of the shards,
see Mário Varela Gomes and Rosa Varela Gomes,
a rarity and thus added the mounts before presenting it to New College, where he ‘Cerâmicas Vidriadas e Esmaltadas, dos Séculos
XVI, do Poço-Cisterna de Silves’, Xelb, vol. 3 (1996),
was Warden. At about this time, porcelain appears to have been also sought after pp. 194–200.
129
by wealthy individuals residing in other cities of Spain, as sometimes porcelain was 109 Published in Queiroz and Manteigas, 2008,
pp. 226–230, nos. 39, 41–45.
left as inheritance to relatives. This is suggested by a notarized document of 1537, 110 See note 46. These dishes show a somewhat simpler
design to that seen on Jingdezhen dishes produced
which states that Beatriz de Espés, widow of Juan de Lanuza, resident of Zaragoza in earlier during the Jiajing reign; compare an example
northeast Spain, bequeathed ‘four porcelains, two large and two small, mounted in from the Casa Museu Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves in
Lisbon published in Maria Antónia Pinto de Matos,
silver’ to her son Ferrer with the strict condition that they ‘could only be left to his A Casa das Porcelanas. Cerãmica Chinesa da Casa-
Museu Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves, Lisbon, 1996, pp.
own legitimate children’. 58–59, no. 10.
130
Although Charles V assembled a vast quantity of curiosities and exotic objects 111 The shipwreck Nan’ao No. 1 was discovered in
December 2007. For more information and images
imported from overseas, especially from the New World, only a relatively small of the porcelain finds from this shipwreck, see
Guangdong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics
quantity of them were from Asia. Textual sources indicate that porcelain was used as and Archaeology, ‘2007 Survey and Excavation
tableware to serve food and wine, alongside gold cups, during a banquet hosted by of the Ship Nan’ao No. 1 of the Ming Dynasty’,
Wenwu, 2011, No. 5, pp. 25–47. A comparable plate
Charles V to celebrate the birth of the fifth son of his sister, Catherine of Austria. 131 is illustrated in p. 37.
112 Santos Palace is situated on the Rua de Santos-o-
The possessions deposited by Charles V in the fortress of Simancas outside Valladolid Velho in Santos Hill, overlooking the Tigus River. In
were sold off between 1558 and 1560 to pay outstanding debts, when he abdicated in 1501, King Manuel I made Santos Palace one of his
favourite residences. The building was originally a
1555 to enter a monastery. The inventories of Charles V’s palace in Brussels, drawn nobility ladies convent of the Comendadeiras. In this
132
royal Lisbon residence, King Manuel assembled part
up in 1545 and 1556, include only two pieces of porcelain. The porcelain, listed at of his porcelain collection, which had been brought
the end of the inventory, is described as ‘Two clay pots called porcelains, greyish or to him earlier from India and Malacca. The acquisition
of Chinese porcelain must have continued during
glazed in blue colour with flowers embellished with silver, inside two velvet bags’. 133 the reign of Sebastian I, who succeeded to the
throne on the death of his paternal grandfather,
This porcelain appears again listed at the end of an inventory of the same objects, John III in 1557. After the ill-fated battle of Alcácer
drawn up at the fortress of Simancas on 22 February 1561. Many references to Quibir in 1578, when Sebastian I was killed leaving
134
no descendants, Santos Palace was abandoned. In
porcelain, however, are found in the inventory of the household goods kept in the 1589, Santos Palace and all its furnishings were sold
to Dom Luis de Lancastre (c.1505–1574), 1st Grand
chamber (recámara) of Charles V’s wife, Isabella of Portugal (hereafter Isabella), drawn Commander of the Order of Aviz. This transaction
up in 1539. After Isabella, the daughter of Manuel I and his second wife María of was only regularized in 1629, when the Comendadeira
135
Beatrice de Lancastre obtained from King Philip III
Castile, married Charles V, she became Holy Roman Empress and Queen Consort of (Philip IV of Spain), permission to sell the palace to
her cousin Francisco Luis de Lancastre, 3rd Grand
Aragon and Castile. Among the pieces of porcelain left in the possession of her lady- Commander of the Order of Aviz (c.1580–1667). The
in-waiting, Mencía de Salcedo, were ‘… Another chest with its lock and key with five Lancastre family took up residence in the palace
and brought their treasures with them. In 1909, after
large porcelains and a porcelain jar and its lid / Another two porcelain jars with their almost tree hundred years of being owned by the
Lancastre family, the Palace was sold by one of their
lids / Thirty-one pieces of porcelain of all kinds, three of which are earthenware … descendants to the French government with all its
A box with four porcelains / Another box with three porcelains / A white wooden contents. In 1948, it became the French Embassy
in Lisbon. A study of the porcelain was carried out
box, round, with five porcelains … Three white wooden boxes that contain small in 1981, when the French Foreign Office provided
Madame Daisy Lion-Goldschmidt with funds to
porcelains from the Indies, spoons and brinquitos [trinkets], the spoons with rubies make a descriptive inventory. The porcelains,
136
and adorned with gold and silver’. Thus is likely that the porcelain pieces that untouched since the seventeenth century, were
137
carefully dismounted, cleaned and several were
belonged to both Charles V and Isabella discussed above reached the Madrid imperial restored. The porcelain dishes and plates had been
simply held up by long iron nails turned into form
court via Lisbon. A few pieces of porcelain are also mentioned in an account drawn hooks, which were attached to a wooden structure
up by Isabella’s treasurer, Francisco Pessoa, dated 1539–1548, listing what he received formed by four triangular panels with garlands of
scrolling leaves carved in relief and gilded. These
from the almoneda (auction of the personal property of a deceased individual) of her panels converged to a central pendent at the top,
138
which was similarly carved and held a few dishes
goods. These included ‘Six plates of porcelain that were sold to lady Stephanie for four and a rare Jiajing blue-and-white ewer with biscuit
148 Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer
bowl from the shipwreck San Pedro (1595)
Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province
Ming dynasty, Wanli reign (1573–1620)
National Museum of Bermuda
(acc. no. 79:155.003)
Fig. 3.1.2.4 Fragment of a blue-and-white
plate from the shipwreck San Pedro (1595)
Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province
Ming dynasty, Wanli reign (1573–1620)
National Museum of Bermuda
(acc. no. 79:155.309)
Fig. 3.1.2.5 Shard of a Kraak plate from the
shipwreck San Pedro (1595)
Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province
Ming dynasty, Wanli reign (1573–1620)
National Museum of Bermuda
(acc. no. 79:155.006)
panel decoration, which was placed upside down.
The different aesthetic characteristics of the more ducados’, ‘A plate of porcelain sold to the same [person] for twelve reales’, ‘Six small,
than 260 dishes and plates were used to create broken porcelains that were sold to Artiaga for twelve reales’, ‘To the Count of Nieba
a monumental arrangement on the pyramidal
ceiling, which is not only enhanced by the angled three porcelains of the red type that were sold to the Count of Nieba for … iUd (1500
panels but also by the perspective of the viewer,
who sees it from below. Daisy Lion-Goldschmidt, maravedies)’, and ‘A plate of porcelain that was sold to Tello de Guzman for ten reales’.
‘Les Porcelaines Chinoises du Palais de Santos’, It is clear that porcelain was very scarce at the time in Spain, as the nobility and other
Arts Asiatiques, vol. 39, 1984, pp. 3–38; Daisy Lion-
Goldschmidt, ‘Ming Porcelains in the Santos Palace individuals were willing to purchase porcelain at public auctions of the possessions of
Collection, Lisbon’, Transactions of the Oriental
Ceramic Society, vol. 49, 1984–1985, pp. 79–93; Pinto deceased members of the royal court, even if they were broken in pieces. This scarcity
de Matos, 2011, pp. 136–137; and Canepa, 2012/1, p. is further demonstrated by the inventory of the belongings of Don Juan Alonso de
264. For a brief discussion on the Zhangzhou pieces,
see Canepa, 2010, p. 67. Guzmán, VI Duke of Medina Sidonia, taken in 1558, which lists only a few pieces of
113 These are four large and heavily potted dishes of
outstanding quality and extreme rarity. These porcelain among numerous imported and costly goods. 139
dishes, decorated with large flower scrolls and two
of them, with a qilin or a winged dragon, occupy the
central space on the row with three large dishes. Evidence of porcelain in Spain from the settlement of Manila in 1571
Early Jiajing examples include a rare dish boldly
decorated with a bunch of grapes reserved on up to 1644
scrolling tendrils, a white cavetto and a border of As mentioned earlier, by the time Philip II succeeded his father in 1556, Spain’s colonial
peaches and auspicious symbols. There appear to
be only four other examples of this type recorded empire in the New World encompassed the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru. 140
so far. Among the earliest Kraak pieces is a Wanli
reign dish decorated with an unusual motif of a Trade between New Spain and the Philippines began in 1565, after discovering an
rectangular container, which is similar to that seen eastward route across the Pacific to Acapulco on the west coast of New Spain. The
on a fragment of a dish recovered from the Spanish
Manila galleon San Felipe, which sank in 1576. On inventories of the ships that traversed the Pacific annually from Cebú, and after 1571
its right is another dish with similar rim decoration
but depicting a circular container. A saucer dish, from the Spanish settlement in Manila, to Acapulco between 1565 and 1576, regularly
dating to c.1595–1610, is finely decorated with deer list porcelain. Large quantities of porcelain were shipped in the early 1570s, as
141
in a landscape within a panelled rim border with
naturalistic scenes. Another saucer dish, dating to indicated by two Spanish galleons that carried among other goods, 22,300 pieces of
c.1600, is decorated with a grasshopper on a rock
beside large flowers, within a border of lobed panels ‘fine gilt china, and other porcelain ware’ to Acapulco in 1573. The cargo most
142
enclosing flowering plants and bumblebees. This probably included both fine and coarser porcelain. This is suggested by the discovery
latter dish is of very fine quality and bears a heron
mark on its base, which has been only recorded in of more than 1,600 shards on the desert coast of Baja California in northwestern
about 50 other Kraak pieces. This dish, together
with a fragment of another finely potted Kraak dish Mexico, where the Manila Galleon San Felipe was shipwrecked in 1576. The finds
with a panelled rim border bearing a heron mark include Kinrande, Kraak and other blue-and-white Jingdezhen porcelain, as well as
excavated at site CD-1 in front of the Pak Van Bay in
Macao, indicates that the Portuguese acquired such blue-and-white Zhangzhou porcelain and stoneware. Such porcelains were also part
dishes in Macao. Published in Cheng, 2009, p. 107,
no. 69. The Zhengde period dishes, are flanked of the cargo of the San Agustín, which wrecked in Drakes Bay, California, in 1595
at either side by large and heavily potted Kraak (Appendix 3). These shipwrecks and their respective porcelain finds will be discussed
dishes dating to the Wanli/Tianqi reigns, which are
decorated with naturalistic scenes, flying phoenixes in section 3.3.1.1 of this Chapter.
or bowls filled with flowers, within a panelled
rim border.
Trade in Chinese Porcelain 149