Page 246 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa

one of the Portuguese ships that sailed there to trade. Although ceramics accounted canela’. This suggests that the cargo consisted in both blue-and-white and gilded
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to over 90 percent of the material excavated from the remains of two domestic sites at porcelain. Perhaps some pieces of porcelain were decorated with underglaze cobalt
Puerto Real on the northern coast of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti), known as Locus blue as well as overglaze gold.
33/35 and 19, they only yielded a small number of shards of finely potted blue-and- In Peru, as in New Spain, porcelain and other Asian goods imported from Manila
white porcelain. Forty-five shards were found at Locus 19, and ten at Locus 33–35, were far more abundant and cheaper than those imported from Spain. The low sale
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both of which appear to have been upper-status residence households. The settlement’s price of porcelain is clearly seen in a register of the sale made by Pedro de Valladolid
isolation and the frequent attacks by privateers, led to the official abandonment of to the vecino Mercado de Peñalosa in 1582–1583, which lists ‘130 dozen-and-a-half
Puerto Real in 1603. Thus the Spanish colonists must have acquired the porcelain gilded pottery at 3 ¾ reales a piece’ and ’60 dozens and ten pieces of white pottery
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sometime before they abandoned the site. It is likely that the porcelain had been at 2 reales a piece’. This was a very profitable business transaction, as noted by
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imported via Veracruz. Cauti, because the porcelain and other Asian goods would not only be traded in
Excavations undertaken at various sites in the port city of Havana (present- Lima, but also in Quito, Panama, Potosí and Chile. The merchants who imported
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day Cuba), an important stopover for the ships of the Spanish Treasure Fleet before the porcelain into Peru had already made a considerable profit, as indicated by the
beginning the eastward voyage via the Atlantic to Spain, have demonstrated that some approximated prices of porcelain imported in the year 1581: 1 piece of gilded pottery
of the porcelain carried by these ships was destined to this colonial market. The site (porcelain) was 1 real and 10 maravedí in Macao and in Lima 6 reales; the price of blue
of the Plaza de Armas yielded shards of a plate with blue-and-white and overglaze pottery (porcelain) was 1 real ½ in Macao and 3 reales in Lima; and the price of white
red enamel decoration, thus of Kinrande type; a fragment of a Kraak plate with a pottery (porcelain) was 7 maravedí in Macao and 3 reales in Lima. Thus residents
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continuous naturalistic rim border and a blue-and-white cup. The site of a colonial of Lima who did not belong to the highest elite could acquire porcelain and other
house in Calvo de la Puerta, the Casa de Obrapía, located in area of Old Havana in Asian goods if they could afford them. For instance, a modest tailor paid the sum of
the intersections of Obrapía and Mercaderes streets, yielded a considerable quantity 717 Published in Linda R. Shulsky, ‘A Chinese Porcelain 1.125 pesos for blue and gilded pottery, 150 fans at 1 real and a half each’, and other
of ceramic material of various origins, including over 200 porcelain shards. These Bowl found in Concepción de la Vega’, Oriental Art, goods. According to Cauti at least two shops sold goods from China legally in Lima
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731
Vol. XLVII, no. 2 (2001), p. 63, figs. 2–6.
include shards of various blue-and-white bowls, some of the chi-dragon type recovered 718 Clarence Henry Haring, Trade and Navigation at the time, and hucksters were also involved in the profitable trade of such goods.
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from the shipwreck San Pedro (1595) (Fig. 3.1.2.3). Between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the The same year that Governor Ronquillo sent the Nuestra Señora de la Cinta
Hapsburgs, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1918, p.
116. Mentioned in Shulsky, 2001, p. 62. to Peru, in 1581, a royal order forbade direct trade between Lima and Manila.
719 Bonnie G. McEwan, ‘Domestic Adaptation at Puerto
Viceroyalty of Peru [3.3.1.2] Real, Haiti’, Historical Archaeology, Vol. 20, No. 1 Thus porcelain and other Asian goods had to be acquired by way of Acapulco. As
Direct trade between Manila and the viceroyalty of Peru, as mentioned in Chapter II, (1986), p. 44; and William H. Hodges, ‘How We Found mentioned in Chapter II, despite the ban on trade between Peru and Acapulco and
Puerto Real’, in Kathleen Deagan (ed.), Puerto Real.
first occurred in 1582, when the second ship sent by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo de The Archaeology of a Sixteenth-Century Spanish the purchase of merchandise from the Manila Galleons imposed in 1587 and again in
Town in Hispaniola, Gainesville, 1995, p. 27.
Peñalosa arrived safely in El Callao carrying silk, porcelains, spices, iron, wax and other 720 Bonnie G. McEwan, ‘Spanish Precedents and 1595, a flourishing illicit trade prospered. The porcelain shards excavated at various
wares, despite the prohibition of traffic between Peru and the Philippines imposed Domestic Life at Puerto Real: The Archaeology archaeological sites in present-day Peru, Panama, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile, attest
of Two Spanish Homesites’, in Deagan, 1995,
in 1579. A register of the goods carried by the ship sent by Governor Ronquillo, pp. 200–204 and 208–211, fig. 8.7 and table 8.1. to the illicit trade in porcelain brought by the Manila Galleons between the colonial
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721 For more information and images of the porcelain
the Nuestra Señora de la Cinta, taken a year earlier, lists a large quantity of pottery recovered, see Lourdes Domínguez, ‘Cerámica viceroyalties. When considering the archaeological finds discussed in the following
pieces of various types, including thick pottery. From a letter sent by the Viceroy transcultural en el sitio colonial Casa de la pages it is important to bear in mind that most of these countries have suffered
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Obrapía’ and ‘Presencia de porcelana oriental en
of Peru to the King in 1582 we learn that the ship was definitely carrying porcelain, algunos sitios coloniales de la Habana’, in Cuba numerous earthquakes since the colonial period, which have undoubtedly affected the
Arqueológica, No. 2, november 1980, pp. 15-26 and 726 The original text in Spanish reads: ‘… dijo que
as it states that ‘a quantity of things from China which are porcelains and silks and 27-37, respectively. lleuaba el dicho nauío yerro y pieças de bronce, condition of the pieces of porcelain imported into each of them. The same applies
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spices and iron and wax and blankets and silk … and other knick-knacks which are 722 Spate, 2004, p. 218; and Borah, 1954, p. 117. damasquillos y otras cosas de cera y seda, y loça to finds made in the countries that once formed part of the viceroyalty of New Spain
According to Iwasaki Cauti, the first ships were
azul y dorada, y clauo y pimienta y canela’. AGI,
those commonly brought and all sold well, except for the cinnamon that does not sell sent from the Philippines to Callao in July 1580, but Patronato 263, no. 1, r. 2. Cited in Iwasaki Cauti, discussed earlier.
they returned to the Philippines after three months. 2005, p. 39, note 56.
because it is not good. And what it was said to be of the Real Hazienda were about Fernando Iwasaki Cauti, Extremo Oriente y Perú en 727 George Kuwayama, ‘Chinese Porcelain in the In Peru, urban sites have yielded blue-and-white porcelain and pieces decorated
el Siglo XVI, Lima, 2005, p. 34.
four hundred quintals of iron and one hundred and ninety quintals of spices in which 723 AGI, Patronato 24, R 55. 1581. Krahe, 2014, Vol. II, Viceroyalty of Peru’, in Pierce and Otsuka, 2009, with overglaze enamels though most shards are blue-and-white. In Lima, the viceregal
p. 165.
I
were cinnamon, pepper and clove’. The porcelain carried as private consignments Appendix 3, Document 2, pp. 251–253. 728 wasaki Cauti, 2005, p. 45; and Krahe, 2014, Vol. I, capital, the archaeological excavations undertaken by the Catholic University of
724
724 The original text in Spanish reads: ‘ … ha ymbiado p. 55.
(together with spices) aboard the ship, captained by D. Gonzalo Ronquillo de un navío con cantidad de cosas de China que son 729 AGI, Patronato 263, no. 1, r. 2. Iwasaki Cauti, 2005, Peru at the site Huaca Tres Palos in the Valle del Rimac yielded only fragments of a
p. 46.
Ballesteros, include pieces described as ‘1 box of gilded pottery cups’, ‘12 boxes of porçcelanas y sedas y especería y hierro y sera y 730 AGI, Patronato 46, r. 31; AGI, Patronato 263, no. 1, r. blue-and-white bowl with a central lotus roundel within a crosshatch diaper border
mantas y seda en maço y otras buxerías que son
gilded pottery’, ‘17 cups of gilded pottery’, ‘12 boxes of gilded pottery’, ‘4 boxes of las que suelen traer y todo se ha vendido bien, sino 2; and AGI, Patronato 263, no. 2, r. 3. Iwasaki Cauti, probably dating to the Longqing/Wanli reign (partially reconstructed), now housed
ha sido la canela que tiene mala salida por no ser 2005, Appendix, p. 61.
gilded pottery’ and ‘3 jars of gilded pottery’, which most probably were porcelain Buena. Y lo que señalaba ser de la Real Hazienda 731 AGI, Patronato 263, no. 1, r. 2. Iwasaki Cauti, 2005, at the Instituto Riva-Agüero. Archaeological excavations from a context dating
725
734
p. 46.
with overglaze gilded decoration, as suggested by the 22,300 pieces of fine gilt china eran como quatrocientos quintales de hierro y 732 bid., pp. 46–47. to the mid-seventeenth century in front of the Palacio de Justicia (Palace of Justice)
I
ciento y nouenta quintales de especería en que
imported into Acapulco in 1573. Further information regarding the porcelain carried entraua canela, pimiento y clavo. AGI, Lima 30 (Lima, 733 Kuwayama, 2009, p. 169. yielded a few shards of a Kraak porcelain plate with panelled borders of relatively
6, VIII. 1582). Cited in Iwasaki Cauti, 2005, p. 37. 734 Published in Ibid., p. 169, fig. 7.
on board the ship is found in documents related to the interrogation of the sea pilot 725 The original text in Spanish reads: ‘1 caja de cubiles 735 I am greatly indebted to Juan Mogrovejo for low quality and a cup of the type known as ‘crow cup’, and a blue-and–white bowl
Antonio de Bilbao that took place on 7 January of 1583, during which he described de loza dorada’, ’12 cajas de loza dorada’, ’17 cubiles providing me with images of the porcelain and of ordinary trade porcelain. The finds also included a shard that formed part of a
de loza dorada’, ‘12 cajones de loza dorada’, ‘4 cajas
majolica decorated with Kraak style panels made
the contents of the cargo as ‘that ship [was carring] iron and pieces of bronze, damasks de loza dorada’, ‘3 tinas de loza dorada’, and ‘1 caja by local potters (both Spanish and mestizo) in Lima Zhangzhou dish and another of a bowl, both decorated with overglaze enamels
de loza dorada’. Krahe, 2014, Vol. II, Appendix 3, majolica workshops, which were found together at
and other things of wax and silk, and pottery blue and gilt, and clover and pepper and Document 2, pp. 252–253. the site. (Figs. 3.3.1.2.1a and b).
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244 Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer Trade in Chinese Porcelain 245