Page 276 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa

roundels reserved on a dense design of related flower scrolls with curling leaves were
excavated (Appendix 2). 884
To sum up, the production of blue-and-white porcelain made to order in
Jingdezhen for the Portuguese market increased considerably from the Wanli reign
onwards. Although some was made in the ordinary trade porcelain of the preceding
Zhengde and Jiajing reigns, the overwhelming majority was made in the new export
porcelain style known as Kraak. It is clear that its production on a large scale provided
new and easier possibilities to fulfill the special orders of porcelain with European motifs
requested by the Portuguese and clergy, which included coat of arms, pseudo-armorials
and religious emblems or monograms. The Jingdezhen potters most probably adapted
or copied these motifs from drawings or prints provided by Portuguese merchants,
and incorporated them in a new range of shapes, some of them copying European
shapes, made in various sizes. The indirect nature of these orders, now placed via the
Chinese junk traders that frequented Macao, is reflected in the errors made by the
Jingdezhen painters in the execution of the European motifs that were unfamiliar to
Fig. 3.4.1.2.1 Two-handled
them. These painters, who were accustomed to make a small quantity of porcelain blue-and-white bowl Fig. 3.4.1.2.3 Blue-and-white bowls from the Fig. 3.4.1.2.4 Pewter dish from the shipwreck
with a blend of Chinese and European motifs for the Portuguese, continued to create Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi province shipwreck Espadarte (1558) Galicia (1544)
Ming dynasty, Jiajing reign (1522–1566), Diameter: 19.2cm Diameter: 37cm
hybrid decorations but now making them much richer by incorporating motifs taken dated 1541 © Arqueonautas Foundation, Amsterdam © Rosa Benavides
from nature repeated in panels, medallions and borders in combination with a variety Diameter: 16.5cm
Museo Duca di Martina, Naples
of religious auspicious motifs with Taoist, Buddhist and Confucian connotations. It
was during the Wanli reign that armorial porcelain began to be made to order for Fig. 3.4.1.2.2 the Iberian Peninsula and exported to other parts of Europe as well as to the New
Pewter porringer from the shipwreck Galicia 877 For a discussion and image of the stone fountain
other European customers, namely the Spanish and Germans. The religious emblems World. Geng Dongsheng has suggested that the porcelain bowls discussed here were
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(1544) in Goa, see Pinto de Matos, 2011, pp. 176 and 178,
and monograms seen on the porcelain give testimony of the active participation of the Diameter: 13.1cm; width: 22.4cm fig. 28. The convent of St. Augustine in Macao intended for soup and originally had a cover, but evidence for this is yet to be found. 892
was later transferred to the present site of the St.
clergy, both Portuguese and Spanish, as commisioners of porcelain made to order for © Rosa Benavides Augustine Church, located behind the Senate The fact that only two extant bowls of this shape are known may indicate that it was
Building. The Augustinian order was also in charge
use in religious services. of the La Penha Hill Chapel. The convent and Chapel a single order.
Two further examples are in a private collection in was used by Augustinian friars until 1834 when The other shape introduced by the Portuguese during the Jiajing reign, according
Mexico and one other in another private collection. the religious orders were expelled and the stones
European shapes [3.4.1.2] The large hexagonal jar is in a private collection removed. Pinheiro, 2005, p. 76, fig. 30; and Canepa, to Lochschmidt, is that of deep dishes with a slightly upturn rim. The earliest datable
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in Brazil and the two smaller examples are in the 2008–2009, p. 73, fig. 10.
During the reign of Jiajing, the Jingdezhen potters adapted even more their porcelain Museo do Centro Científico e Cultural de Macao 878 According to Howard, a number of these jars were examples of this porcelain shape imported by the Portuguese are those recovered from
production to the taste and requirements of their new European customers, and in Lisbon and a private collection. For a discussion in the St. Augustine Convent in 1589. However, no the shipwreck Espadarte, which sank in 1558 (Fig. 3.4.1.2.3). Lochschmidt suggests
on these jars and further literature, see Vinhais documentary evidence to support this theory has
began to make new shapes that reflected European influence. It was the Portuguese, and Welsh, 2003, pp. 18–23, no. 1; Canepa, 2008/2, yet been found. Howard, 1994, p. 231. that dishes of this exact or similar shape were probably made after a contemporary
pp. 51–52; Canepa, 2008–2009, pp. 72–74, figs. 9 and 879 Pinto de Matos has dated these jars to c.1575–1600.
according to Lochschmidt, who introduced at least two European shapes around the 10; and Canepa, 2012/1, pp. 273–274. Pinto de Matos, 2011, p. 176–179, no. 69. Sargent, wide-rimmed pewter dish of the type commonly produced in northwestern Europe,
mid-sixteenth century. The earliest appears to be that of two blue-and-white bowls that 874 The other dish, of slightly smaller size, is in a considering the archeological find of the upper part which were in wide circulation in both Europe and the New World in the 1540s and
private collection in Brazil. For a recent discussion of a jar with an identical classic scroll border at the
have small lobed handles bearing the inscription ‘EM TEMPO DE PERO DE FARIA and images of the Peabody Essex dish and the rim from the 1638 Spanish shipwreck Nuestra Señora 1550s. Examples of such pewter dishes have been recovered from shipwrecks of
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example in the private collection, see Sargent, 2012, de la Concepción, dated the jars between 1590 and
DE 1541’ discussed earlier, which are believed to have been made after a contemporary pp. 62–63, no. 7; and Pinto de Matos, 2011, 180–181, 1635. Sargent, 2010, p. 63; and Sargent, 2012, p. 65. various nationalities, including the Mary Rose (1545), a ship that sank off Galicia
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pewter porringer (Fig. 3.4.1.2.1). Marine archaeological finds indicate that pewter no. 70, respectively. It is important to note that 880 Saint Igantius Loyola, the founder of the Society, (1544) (Fig. 3.4.1.2.4), and the Spanish Treasure Fleet that sank off Padre Island in the
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there are also a number of blue-and-white dishes chose the ‘IHS’ monogram (the initials of the
porringers with a variety of multi-lobed handles, both of English and Dutch origin, depicting at the centre confronted lions, similar to name of Jesus in Greek which may also be read Gulf of Mexico in 1554. In this case, however, a European influence is questionable.
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those on the jars, encircled by a rim border with a as an abbreviation of the Latin expression Jesus
circulated widely in Europe at this time. For instance, a porringer was one of a more stylized version of the architectural motif Hominum Salvator – Jesus Saviour of Mankind) – Considering the fact that the rim of the pewter dishes is much wider than that of the
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number of pewter objects recovered from the shipwreck of the English warship Mary shown on the Augustinian jars and dishes. For two with the horizontal bar of the ‘H’ supporting the porcelain dishes discussed here and that a deep dish of identical shape to the Espadarte
examples, in the Peabody Essex and the collection in Latin cross – as the official monogram and ordered
Rose, which sank off Portsmouth in 1545; others were among mixed shipments Brazil, see Sargent, 2012, pp. 67–68, no. 9; and Pinto that it be placed on the doors of Jesuit Houses. The dishes, though of larger size, made in solid gold was found in the joint tomb of Zhu
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de Matos, 2011, pp. 182–183, no. 71, respectively. ‘IHS’ monogram was frequently used on the title
of pewter from England and the Low Countries recovered from Spanish shipwrecks, 875 William R. Sargent, ‘Two Hundred Years of page of contemporary printed works related to the Zhanji, Prince Zhuang of Liang, and his wife, the Lady Wei, dating to c.1424–1441,
including a shipwreck that sank off the coast of Galicia in northern Spain a year earlier, Collecting Chinese and Japanese Export Porcelain: Christian doctrine. Pinto de Matos, 1996, p. 138; and one can argue that the dishes in question were made after a Chinese rather than a
The Collections of the Peabody Essex Museum, Canepa, 2008/2, p. 52.
in 1544 (Fig. 3.4.1.2.2), and the so-called Pewter Wreck that sank off Punta Cana Salem, Massachusetts’, The International Asian Art 881 These jars are found in the Casa-Museu Dr. European shape. It is evident that porcelain dishes of this shape could have been used
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Fair, March 22–6, New York, 2002, p. 15; William R. Anastacio Gonçalves in Lisbon, the British Museum
on the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) in the 1540s while en route from Sargent, ‘Porcelains with the Arms of the Order of in London, the Alpoim Calvão collection in Cascais for eating and serving most foods available to the dinner table, just like those made
Seville to the New World. While the influence of pewter seems reasonable, one Saint Augustine: For New Spain? A Theory’, in Pierce and a private collection in Japan. Published in Pinto in pewter, and thus became an utilitarian form that attracted Portuguese customers.
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and Otsuka, 2010, pp. 53–66; and Sargent, 2012, de Matos, 1996, pp. 138–139, no. 63; Harrison-Hall,
may argue that the peculiar shape of these porcelain bowls could also have copied a pp. 58–61. 2001, pp. 379–80, no. 12:73; De Castro, 1988, p. 28; It seems likely, as Rinaldi has suggested, that such dishes were the forerunners of the
876 For instance, the walled compound of the St. and Afonso and Borges de Sousa, 1992, p. 159.
tin-glazed earthenware scudella of the type made at pottery centres in Spain in the Augustine Convent is clearly seen on a map of 882 The college of St. Paul in Goa was founded by a Kraak porcelain bowls known as klapmutsen, which as shown earlier were imported
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fifteenth century. By then the kilns at Valencia, Toledo and Seville were producing Macao drawn by Pedro Barreto de Resende in 1635, religious brotherhood in 1541 and given to the into Portugal, Spain, the Southern Netherlands, the Dutch Republic and England in
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which was published in 1642 by António Bocarro. Jesuits in 1548. Mentioned in Canepa, 2008–2009,
fine lustre earthenware that was sought after by the highest ranks of society throughout Mentioned in Pinheiro, 2005, p. 76. p. 74, note 78. Europe, as well as into the New World.
274 Silk, Porcelain and Lacquer Trade in Chinese Porcelain 275