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6. Aquaphotomics applications
The frst publications where foundations of Aquaphotomics have been laid out were concerned with diagnosis of mammary gland infammation or mastitis in dairy cows based on the spectra of milk12,13 (Tsenkova et al. 2001), and prion protein isoforms identifcation14 (these proteins are the primary cause of several neurodegenerative diseases such as for example “mad cows” disease).
Since these initial applications when water in body fuids or in solutions was recognized as a source of information when it interacts with light, numerous applications were developed showing that salts15, sugars16, various biomolecules like proteins5,14,17,18 or DNA19 can be measured in very, very small quantities20, even viruses21 or bacteria22,23, as well as that Aquaphotomics concept3,24 brings new solutions for monitoring food25–29 and water quality30, as well as provide grounds for biodiagnostics21,31–34.
All the Aquaphotomics applications are based on the same principle – water in any aqueous system is structured differently in response to some perturbations of interest –addition of chemicals, changes in the concentration, presence of disease etc. and this is refected in its spectra.
Figure 9. Difference spectra of aqueous lactose samples representing basic spectral differences. The spectra of aqueous lactose solutions at different concentration levels between 100 and 0.02 mM concentration after the average MQ spectrum being subtracted from spectra of aqueous lactose samples are presented 16.
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