Page 85 - Basic English Grammar Student Textbook short

8. receive 18. deceitful

9. reign 19. chief

10. sovereign 20. caffeine*

Spelling List 2 - Advanced Noun Plurals

Nouns ending in y form the plural in two ways
When the y comes after a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), the plural is formed by adding s only.
valley, valleys journey, journeys turkey, turkeys
donkey, donkeys alley, alleys
When the y comes after a consonant (all letters other than vowels), the plural is formed by changing the y to i
and add es.
country, countries quality, qualities city, cities ally, allies
Nouns ending in f or fe follow no standard rules

Study the examples shown here; use a dictionary when needed.
Add s Change to ves Both forms recognized
staff, staffs shelf, shelves calves, calfs
safe, safes wife, wives scarves, scarfs
cliff, cliffs knife, knives
Nouns ending in o
When the o comes after a vowel, add s only.
radio, radios pistachio, pistachios
When the o comes after a consonant, the plural is formed by adding s or es depending on the word. Study the
following examples.
Add s Add es Both forms recognized
auto, autos echo, echoes mosquitoes, mosquitos
ratio, ratios tomato, tomatoes zeros, zeroes
patio, patios potato, potatoes volcanos, volcanoes
hero, heroes
Musical terms ending in o - add s only to form the plural

solo, solos alto, altos piano, pianos

1. valleys (valley) 11. countries (country)

2. autos (auto) 12. echoes (echo)
3. radios (radio) 13. scarves / scarfs (scarf)

4. knives (knife) 14. tomatoes (tomato)

5. shelves (shelf) 15. potatoes (potato)

6. turkeys (turkey) 16. heroes (hero)

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