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Hello Grammar Reference
Question Words
• Who? : We ask about people. this/that - these/those
• What?:
Who's that? My friend, Kim. • We use this/these to point out people, animals or things
• Where... from?: We ask about things, that are close to us.
• How?: animals and actions. This is my pen. These are my pens.
What's your favourite sport? Basketball.
We ask about places. • We use that/those to point out people, animals or
Where are you from? I'm from Kuwait. things that are far from us.
We ask about the way in which That is a book. Those are books.

something happens.  There is / There are
How are things at work? • We use there is before singular nouns.

Boring, as usual. There's a bedroom downstairs.

• How old?: We ask about ages.

How old are you? • We use there are before plural nouns.

Twenty-four. Are there two armchairs in the room?

• When / What time?: We ask about time. Plural nouns

When do you relax?

At the weekend. • Most nouns take -s.

What time do you finish work? bag bags, pen pens

At 5:30. • Nouns ending in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, Irregular nouns
-o take -es.
• Where?: We ask about the position box boxes, watchwatches man  men
woman  women
of a person or thing. • Nouns ending in a consonant child  children
+ y, drop the -y and take -ies. foot  feet
A: Where is the ball? country countries tooth  teeth
BUT boy boys
B: It’s under the table.

• Why?: We ask the reason why something

happens.

A: Why did you open the window? • Nouns ending in -f or -fe take -ves.
wifewives
B: Because it’s hot in here.
 Whose...?
• Which?: We ask for a particular choice from a

limited number of things or people.

A: Which colour do you like for the • We use whose to ask about possession.

kitchen? A: Whose book is this?
B: It’s my book.
Imperative B: I like yellow.

• We form the affirmative imperative with the base form Possessive Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns
of the verb. Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

Listen to the teacher! my mine
• We form the negative form with don’t+base form. your yours
his his
Don’t speak! her hers
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do its -
our ours
something. We can use “please” to be more polite. your yours
Open your books, please! their theirs

 Articles: a(n) vs the

a/an + singular nouns • Possessive adjectives always go before nouns and do
• when we mention something for the first time not take articles before them.
Her hat is green.
There’s a microwave in the kitchen.
• when we talk about jobs • Possessive pronouns replace possessive adjectives +
noun, so they are never followed by nouns. They can be
He’s a doctor. used as short answers to questions starting with whose.
Your bag is brown, but mine is black.
no a/an before plural nouns That cat is hers.
Cats are great pets. Whose is this ball? It’s his.

the + singular or plural nouns Possessive Case
• when we talk about something specific • We use the possessive case to express possession.

There are two cats outside. The black cat is called Tom. Formation
• when we talk about something unique

The sun is hot.

no articles
• before possessive adjectives

My cat is white. Singular nouns take ’s. This is the girl’s bag.
• before proper nouns This is Tom’s car.

Fiona is thirteen years old.

London is in England. Regular plural nouns take ’. That’s my parents’ house.
• when we talk about something in general Irregular plural nouns take ’s. Here’s the children’s room.

Rabbits are friendly animals.

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