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We use shall to make suggestions or to offer to doNOTE Indirect questions
something. Shall is used only in the first person singular We use indirect questions when we ask for information.
and plural (I, we). Indirect questions begin with phrases like:
Shall we go away for the weekend? Shall I help you? Can/Could you tell me...? Do you know...? I’d like to know...

 can / could / be able to DIRECT QUESTION

• We use can to express ability in the present. Question word + Verb + Subject
The baby can speak.
Where is the post office?
• We use could to express ability in the past.
I could climb trees when I was young. INDIRECT QUESTION

• Be able to expresses ability and can be formed in all Phrase + Question word + Subject + Verb
tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use
can. Can you tell me where the post office is?
I haven’t been able to go shopping since last month.
Comparative and Superlative Forms
Have to / Don’t have to / Need (to) / Needn’t /
Don’t need to / Must / Mustn’t • We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two
people, animals or things.
• We use must and have to to express obligation in the
present or future. • We use the superlative of adjectives when we compare one
I must buy Ted a present for his graduation. person, animal or thing with several of the same kind.
You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
FORMATION
• We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
(We have no other choice.) adjective + -er
I need to talk to you. more + adjective
}Comparative: + than
• We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
when it isn’t necessary for us to do something. John is older than Peter.
You don’t have to go out if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to give me back the money. My watch is more expensive than yours.
He needn’t buy me a present.
}the
• We use mustn’t when we are not allowed to do something. Superlative: + adjective + -est + of / in
You mustn’t use your mobile phone inside the building. most + adjective

John is the oldest boy in his class.

This watch is the most expensive of all.

NOTE The past tense of have to and must is had to. • All one-syllable and most two-syllable adjectives take -er / -est.
Need is used: short - shorter - shortest
• as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
• One-syllable adjectives ending in -e take -r / -st.
negative and question form. It is followed by to + safe - safer - safest
base form and forms the negative and question
form with auxiliary verbs. • One-syllable adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant,
• as a modal verb only in the negative and question double the consonant before the -er / -est.
form of the present simple. It is followed by a base big - bigger - biggest
form and forms the negative and question form
without auxiliary verbs. • Adjectives ending in consonant + -y drop the y and take -ier /
-iest.
easy - easier - easiest

• Adjectives with three or more syllables and some two-syllable
adjectives take more + adjective / most + adjective.
dangerous - more dangerous - most dangerous

Irregular forms

Positive Form Comparative form Superlative form
good
Affirmative bad better the best

I need to go far worse the worst
He/She/It needs to go
We/You/They need to go many / much farther the farthest
little further the furthest

Negative more the most

I don’t need to go I less the least

He/She/It doesn’t need to go He/She/It needn’t go Other Forms of Comparison

We/You/They don’t need to go We/You/They as + adjective + as

Questions My car is as fast as yours. (= My car and your car are

Do I I equally fast.)
not as + adjective + as
Does he/she/it need to go? Need he/she/it go?
He’s not as clever as you are. (=You are cleverer than he is.)
Do we/you/they we/you/they

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