Page 105 - Maukon
P. 105

(2)


                                                                                                            ( p )
                                                                               onfhaemuf
                                                                                                   ( Z )
                                                                                                (ps)
                                                                                                         (q)
             pm;rsm;ta&;?
                                                                                          vkyfief;aumfrwDrS
                                                                                                                 EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
                                                                                    udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
             (15)
                                                                                                            OD;pHwif
                                                                                                   OD;Munfat;
                                                                                                         OD;atmifoef;
                                                                                                OD;pcHkwdefY,def;
             jynfe,frsm;?
                         EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk?
                                                                               tpktzGJUtpnf;ta0;u
             (16)
                         (3)
                                                                                    rdrdwdkYqE´tavsmuf
                                                                                                      tpktzGJU?
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
             wdkif;rsm;?
                         EdkifiHawmf
                                                                                          &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onfhtwdkif;
             (17)
                                                                               a&G;cs,fwm0efay;onfh
                                                                                          tcef;(1)
                         tajccHrlrsm;?
                                                                                    tBuHjyKwifjyvdkonfrsm;udk
                         (4)
             EdkifiHom;rsm;\
                                                                         tjcm;oifhawmfonfh tBuHjyKcsufrsm;jzifh tpktzGJU pmwrf;a&;om;Muonf/
                                                                                                   EdkifiHh0efxrf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tpktzGJU?
                                                                                                            tvkyform; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tpktzGJU?
                                                                                                tjcm;zdwfMum;oifhonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;tpktzGJU?
                                                                                    pmwrf;rsm;
                                                                               tpktzGJUudk,fpm;jyK
                                     þodkYjzifh acgif;pOfwpfck? tcef;wpfcef;NyD;pD;u nDvmcHudk wpfvudk;oDwif; &yfem;onf/
                                                                                  a&;om;wifoGif; zwfMum;Muonf/ wpfOD;csif; pmwrf;rsm;udk wifoGif;zwfMum;NyD;
                                        rlrsm;? tao;pdwftajccH&rnfhrlrsm;udk nDvmcHu wpfcJeuf twnfjyKcsrSwfonf/
                               tpnf;ta0;wGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfudk,fpm; OD;atmifa&Tu zwfMum;aom
                                                                                          tajccHrlrsm;&&Sd&ef
                   EdkifiHawmfa&SUaecsKyf? (9) EdkifiHawmfpm&if;ppfcsKyf? (10) wyfrawmf/ (11) wdkif;&if;om;
                                                                                       usdKuúqHuGif;twGif;&Sd oufqdkif&m tpnf;ta0;cef;rsm;wGif pka0;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
                                  1993 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 24 &ufaeYü usif;yaom trsKd;om;nDvmcH pHknD
                                                             ygwDtvdkuf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rdrdwdkYygwDu wifoGif;aom pmwrf;udkyif axmufcH
                                                                oDjcm;pmwrf; (10) apmif&Sdvmonf/ a&G;cs,fcHudk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJUwGifvnf;
                                                                   oabmwltwnfjyK&onf/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tpktzGJUwGif ygwDu 10 ygwD&Sdojzifh
                                                       pkí wifoGif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&; vkyfief;aumfrwDu
                                                          wifjyMuonf/ wpfoD;yk*¾v ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u wpfOD;csif;wifoGif;jcif;? oHk;av;OD;
                                                    tpktzGJUtm;vHk;rS pmwrf;rsm;? toifhtwifhjzpfNyDqkdonfESifh trsdK;om;nDvmcH pHknD
                                                                            pmwrf;a&;om;a&;tzGJUrsm;u wpfOD;csif; wifoGif;aom pmwrf;yg tBuHjyKcsufrsm;?
                                           &,l&ef tpktzGJUrsm;odkY jyefcsay;onf/ þodkYjzifh tm;vHk;oabmwlnDonfh tajccH
                      (5) EdkifiHawmfor®w? (6) EdkifiHawmftpkd;&tzGJU? (7) EdkifiHawmfw&m;olBuD;csKyf? (8)
                                                                      pmwrf;a&;qGJMuNyD; tpktzGJUtpnf;ta0;rsm;ü wifoGif;zwfMum;um trsm;
                                                 tpnf;ta0;usif;yum pmwrf;rsm;udk tpktzGJUtvkduf aeYpOf&ufquf zwfMum;ap
                                              onf/ tm;vHk;zwfMum;NyD;rS tcsKdUpmwrf;? tcsdKUtBuHjyKcsufrsm;tay: tm;vHk;qE´
                            pmwrf;wGif tcef;vdkuf acgif;pOf 22 ck tBuHjyKxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm (1) ed'gef;?
        a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;? (19) EdkifiHawmftvH? wHqdyf? oDcsif;ESifhNrdKUawmf? (20)
                         vTwfawmf?
                                                                                                                 313
             rlvtcGifh
                rsm;ta&;? (12) EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&;pepf? (13) EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'? (14) vlxlvlwef;
                                                                                             trsKd;om;nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,ftpktzGJUrsm;onf trsKd;om;nDvmcH usif;ya&;
           ta&;rsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;? (18) wm0efrS jyefvnf½kyfodrf;jcif;? EkwfxGufjcif;? tpm;xdk;
                                                                                                         todynm&Sif? twwfynm udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
                                        (4)
                                                                                                                 314
                                                                                                         (22)
                      oufí
                      oufí
                      oufí
                      oufí
                      oufí
                                                                                                   ywfoufí
                                                                                                   ywfoufí
                                                                                                   ywfoufí
                                                                                                   ywfoufí
                                                                                                   ywfoufí
                                                             uRefawmfwdkY
                                  jynfe,ftpdk;&
                                                                                                      OD;atmifa&Tu
                                                                                                      OD;atmifa&Tu
                                                                                                      OD;atmifa&Tu
                                                                                                      OD;atmifa&Tu
                                                                                                      OD;atmifa&Tu
                                        jynfaxmifpkor®w?
                                                                                  umvwpfavQmufvHk;a&m?
                      þodkYwifjyonf
                      þodkYwifjyonf
                      þodkYwifjyonf
                      þodkYwifjyonf
                      þodkYwifjyonf
                                                 &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
                                        (5)
                                                             av;pm;ygw,f/
                                  tmPmcGJa0yHk?
                         t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
                      -
                      -
                      -
                      -
                      -
                                                                   rsm;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;&ygr,f/
                                                                                                   atmufygtwdkif;
                                                                                                   atmufygtwdkif;
                                                                                                   atmufygtwdkif;
                                                                                                   atmufygtwdkif;
                                                                                                   atmufygtwdkif;
                                                                                                   (
                                                                                                   (
                                                                                                   (
                                                                                                   (
                                  (10)
                                                                                                      tcef;vdkuf
                                                                                                      tcef;vdkuf
                                                                                                      tcef;vdkuf
                                                                                                      tcef;vdkuf
                                                                                                      tcef;vdkuf
                                                                                                         taxGaxGjy|mef;csufrsm;jzpfonf/
                                                             txufrSm
                                                                                                   (NLD
                         OD;cGefxGef;OD;u
                         OD;cGefxGef;OD;u
                         OD;cGefxGef;OD;u
                         OD;cGefxGef;OD;u
                         OD;cGefxGef;OD;u
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
                                                 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf\
                                                             azmfjycJhwJh
                                        jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf?
                                                                                                      acgif;pOftrSwf
                                                                                                      acgif;pOftrSwf
                                                                                                      acgif;pOftrSwf
                                                                                                      acgif;pOftrSwf
                                                                                                      acgif;pOftrSwf
                                  jynfaxmifpktzGJU0if
                                                                                  vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;wJhaemufrSm
                                        (6)
                                                                                                      (10)
                                                                                                      (10)
                                                                                                      (10)
                                                                                                      (10)
                                                                                                      (10)
                                                 pmwrf;udk
                         jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
                         jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
                                                             trdefYtrSwf
                         jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
                         jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
                         jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH
                                                                                                   oabmxm;)wifjyonf/
                                                                                                   oabmxm;)wifjyonf/
                                                                                                   oabmxm;)wifjyonf/
                                                                                                   oabmxm;)wifjyonf/
                                                                                                   oabmxm;)wifjyonf/
                                                    taeeJY EdkifiHwm0efrsm;udk qufvufjznfhqnf; azmfaqmifoGm;&ygr,f}}
                                                             13^92
                                  jynfe,frsm;u@?
                                                                                                      wyfrawmfu@ESifh
                                                                                                      wyfrawmfu@ESifh
           aysmufypfvdkY r&paumif;ygbl;/ qufvfuxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufoGm;&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f/
                                                                                                      wyfrawmfu@ESifh
             jzpfygw,f/ &mpkESpfwpf0ufawmif rjynfhao;wJh jynfaxmifpkordkif;aMumif;udk arh
                                                                                                      wyfrawmfu@ESifh
                         zGJUpnf;yHkESifhywf
                                                                                                            zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;ESifh teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkjcif;? (21) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;?
                                        wyfrawmftcef;u@?
                                           ,if;wdkYrSm (1) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk? (2) tajccHrlrsm;? (3) rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;?
                                                                            xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f/ rsufarSmufEdkifiHawmf&JU vHkNcHKa&;tajctaet& wyfrawmf[m
                                                                               vHkNcHKa&;eJY umuG,fa&;pwJh wmn0efawGudk toufaoG;acR;rsm; paw;NyD; ausyGefpGm
                                  (11)
                                                                                    umuG,fay;aewJh vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI
                                                                                  EdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&;?
                                     (7) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&? (8) jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&;? (9) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&ESifh
                                                 OD;pdkif;tdkufaygif;u
                                                             rSmygwJh
                                                       jcif;eJY nDrQjcif;wnf;[laom avmuygvw&m;rsm; ydkrdkxGef;um;a&;}}rsm;t& wyfrawmf
                                                          ]]ppfrSefaom ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;a&;}}eJY ]]EdkifiHawmfü w&m;rQwjcif;? vGwfvyf
                                                                ]]EdkifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJU&JU qE´eJY apwemt&if;cHwdkYudk
                                              zwfMum;wifoGif;onf/ OD;pdkif;tdkufaygif;u tcef;vdkufacgif;pOf (15) ckudk tBuHjyKonf/
                                                                         ordkif;tpOftvmrysuf trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;rSm wpfzufwpfvrf;rS yg0if&ef vdktyfaeqJ
                                                                      jzpfygw,f/ ,aeYEdkifiHawmf&JU rsufarSmuftajctaersm;t&vnf; EdkifiHawmf&JU wm0ef
                                                                                                                 wuúodkvfjrwfol
        jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&;qdkwJh trsKd;om;nDvmcHOD;wnfcsufeJY eHygwf(1)udku jynfaxmifpk
                yifvHkpmcsKyfBuD;udk csKyfqdk&muaepNyD; vGwfvyfwJh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH jzpfay:vm&jcif;
                         zGJUpnf;yHkESifhywf
                                                                                             qef;&JU acgif;aqmifrIeJY EdkifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf pwifoaE¨wnf zGJUpnf;cJhwm
                         zGJUpnf;yHkESifhywf
                         zGJUpnf;yHkESifhywf
                                                                                                      wyfrawmfu@ESifh
                         zGJUpnf;yHkESifhywf
                                                                                                ]]wyfrawmf[m trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;? wyfrawmf&JUzcifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmif
                                                                                          jzpfygw,f/ awmifolv,form;? tvkyform;pwJh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxk vlwef;
                                                                                       pm;tvTmtm;vHk;&JU om;orD;rsm;eJY vlrsKd;EG,fpk tm;vHk;vdkvdk yg0ifaewJh wdkif;jynfudk
                   ]]'DEdkifiHawmf jzpfay;vm&yHk ordkif;aMumif;tpOftvmudk jyefMunfh&if ordkif;0if
                            tajccHOya' xdef;odrf;jcif;? (14) ul;ajymif;a&;umv jy|mef;csuf? (15) a0g[m&
                               t&yf&yfqdkif&m jy|mef;csuf? (12) zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;? (13) zGJUpnf;yHk
                                                                                                                 EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
                                                                                                ]]'Dae&mrSm
                                                                                    jy|mef;xm;wJhtwdkif;
                                                             xnfhoGif;&jcif; jzpfygw,f}}
                                                                                                qufvufNyD;
                                                                                    jynfaxmifpkeJY
                                                                                                   EdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk}}qdkNyD; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f/
                                                 n
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
                                                                                                wifjyvdkwmu
                                                       yg0ifxrf;aqmifEdkifa&;udk axmufcHwifjyxm;onf/
                                                                                    jynfaxmifpktzGJU0if
                                                                                                jynfaxmifpkpepfeJY
                                                                                    jynfe,fawG
                                                                         jy|mef;NyD; <uif;useftmPmawGudk jynfaxmifpktwGuf xm;rSmvm pwJhtcsufawGudk
                                                                                                            &Sdoifhwmudk &nfñTef;aeygNyD/ 'gaMumifh tckwnfaqmufr,fh EdkifiHawmf[m jynfaxmif
                                                                            jynfe,fawGudk oHk;cGifhjyKrSmvm;? 'grSr[kwf jynfe,fawG&JUtmPm tajccHOya'rSm
                                                                      pOf;pm;Edkif&efjzpfygw,f/ 'ghtjyif jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHudk zGJUpnf;&mrSm jynfe,ftzGJU0if
                                                          NLD udk,fpm;jyK OD;atmifa&T\ pmwrf;ü wyfrawmf\ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;wGif
                                                                                                                 315
                                                                   b,favmufeJY yg0ifzGJUpnf;MurvJ? jynfaxmifpkqdkwJh emrnfeJYudkufatmif jynfe,f
                                                                awGeJYyJ jynfaxmifpkudk zGJUpnf;rSmvm; pwJhtcsufawGudk pO;fpm;aqG;aEG;Edkif&avatmif
                                                                               udk a'otvdkuf b,fvdkpkpnf;MurvJ? jynfaxmifpkeJY ywfoufwJh tcGifhtmPmudk
                                                                                             wnfaxmifr,fqdk&if b,fvdkjynfaxmifpkrsKd;udk zGJUpnf;rSmvJ? QUASIFEDERAL
                                                                                          SYSTEM vdkYac:wJh jynfaxmifpkwpfcsdKUwpf0ufomygwJh pepfrsKd;vm;? jynfe,fawGrSm
                                                                                                EdkifiHawmf
                                                                                                      om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfu cH,lxm;wJhtwGuf 'Dtcef; (1)&JUacgif;pOfudk ]]jynfaxmifpk
                                                                                                         pkEdkifiHawmfuvGJNyD; tjcm;trsKd;tpm;udk pOf;pm;p&mr&Sdbl;vdkY uRefawmfwdkY &Srf;wdkif;&if;
                                                                                  cGJa0 usifhoHk;&wJh FEDERALISM ac: jynfaxmifpkpepfudk usifhoHk;rSmvm;? EdkifiHawmf
                                                                                       om tmPm&SdwJh CONFEDERATION vdk pepfvm;? 'grSr[kwf tajccHOya'rSm
                                                                                    tmPmudk
   100   101   102   103   104   105   106   107   108   109   110