Page 59 - Maukon

wGif
1948
onf/
onf/
xm;onf/
zqyvtm;
ckESpf?
w&m;a&;0efBuD;
oGm;Mu&ukef\/
ajymif;cJh&onfudk
EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
vHk;ta&twGufwGif
tBuD;tuJ0efBuD;csKyf
w&m;vTwfawmfudk
Zefe0g&DvrS
awGU&onf/
ygvDrefvTwfawmfü
cefYxm;onf/
1962
tDwvDEdkifiHwGif
tmPm&SifygwD(wpfygwD
ckESpf?
þodkYjzifh
tmPm&Sif(b0&Sifrif;w&m;)BuD;rsm;
(eef;&if;0ef)ae&mudk
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
pGufzufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh
tmPm&ygwDu
rwfv
2
,lonf/
'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;
tmPm&Sif)pepf?
trsm;pk(tenf;qHk;xuf0ufausmf)
ay:xGef;onf/
rdrdygwDrS
trwfOD;a&
OD;Ek-
&ufaeYtxd
tpdk;&tzGJU0if
tmPm&ygwDacgif;aqmif
14
trsm;qHk;
ta&G;cH&aom
ordkif;udkjyefMunfhvQif wpfOD;wnf;xif&mpdkif;cGifh&aom ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepf
0efBuD;csKyfwpfOD;wnf;
tpdk;&tzGJUaygif; 80 ausmf ajymif;cJh&onf/ *syefEdkifiHwGif ig;ESpftwGif; 0efBuD;csKyfajcmuf
a,muf? ckepfa,muf? ESpfESpftwGif; 0efBuD;csKyfESpfa,muf ajymif;cJh&ayNyD/ ygupöwef
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh
175
pdwfBudKuftmPmusifhoHk;&mü rEdkifreif;jzpfum tpdk;&rsm; tkd;eif;cGufeif;jzifh jyKwfus
tEdkif&onfhtaetxm;) &Sdaeojzifh ¤if;0efBuD;csKyf pdwfBudKufOya'jyKEdkifonf/ w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyftwGuf w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;jzifh 0efBuD;csKyf pdwfBudKufcefY
Oya'ynm&SifwpfOD;udk
(rJcGJwdkif;
tmPm&ygwD (Ruling Party) [kac:onf/ tmPm&ygwDacgif;aqmifonf tpdk;&tzGJU
0efBuD;rsm;udk
rdrdygwD0if trwfrsm;xJrS pdwfBudKufa&G;cefYum tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk qkyfudkifxdef;csKyf
vlxkurJay;a&G;onf/ txufvTwfawmfac: rSL;rwfvTwfawmf (House of Lords)
Oya'jyKa&;tmPm? tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm? w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm (0g) EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;\
tESpfom&jzpfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;udk wpfOD;wnf;vuf tyfxm;&awmh
trwfig;&mausmfudk rSL;BuD;rwf&mrsm;udk bk&ifucefYxm;ay;onf/ uae'gwGif txuf
ygwDudk
vTwfawmf trwftm;vHk;udk bk&ifcHu cefYxm;onf/ atmufvTwfawmfwGif trwftm;
vuf0,fodkY
emwm&Snfa&m*gqkd;BuD; oufqdk;&SnfcJhonf/ zqyvtzGJUOuú|ESifh 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk
wnfcJhonf/ ygwD*kdPf;*Prsm;jzifh tpdwfpdwfuGJcJhonf/ jynfwGif;ppf(tmPmvkyGJ)
OD;ausmfNidrf;wdkYtm;
EdkifiHwGif 1947 ckESpf (vGwfvyfa&;&onfrS) ,aeYtxd tpdk;&tzGJU oHk;q,fausmfcJhayNyD/
zqyvtpdk;&tzGJUtwGif;rS 0efBuD;OD;xGef;azu b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;? 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;u
xdkif;EdkifiHwGif ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;rI (18)Budrf &SdcJhNyD; tpdk;&tzGJUtcsKdU wpfESpfyifrcHbJ
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ygvDref'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;cJhaom tmPm&zqyv tpdk;&onf
tpdk;& wpfESpfESifhq,fv ausmf½kHrQomwnf wHhonf/ oefY&Sif;zqyv tpdk;&oufouf
(OD;Ekacgif;aqmifNyD;) oHk;vESifh 17 &uf tmPm&cJhonfrsm;udk z,fxkwfNyD; ruGJrjym;
wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf;aom zqyvtpdk;&\ oufwrf;rSm (11)ESpfcGJcefYom tmPm
tmPm&SifBuD;? tmPm½l;BuD;tjzpf orkwfcJhonf/ twdkuftcH (qdk&S,feD-yrnw)url
ESpfwmom
wnfNrJcJhonf/ xdk 14 ESpfwGif wyfrawmftdrfapmihftpdk;& wpfESpfcGJcefY? yxp(oefY&Sif;)
176
rJyHk;udk
,if;
rnfjzpfaMumif;
tuljzpfcJhonf/
vif;,kef*sme,f?
tom;( P )wdkYudk
1973
odkYaomf
ckESpf
jynfhapvdkMuonf/
aMunmcJhonf/
OD;atmifoef;\
a&;om;xm;rnfjzpfNyD;
qE´cH,lyGJonf
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
'a&maomyg;a&;cJh&ojzifh
wdwdvif;vif;qefYusifNyD;
jynfolY*sme,fwdkYurl
e,fcsJUwdkYtwGuf 'Drkdua&pD tjynfh&aomyHkpH jzpfcJhonf/
uefYuGufonfh
,aeYumvuJhodkY
vkyf&yfudk taMumif;jyKum teuft"dyÜm,fopf zGifhcJhMuonf/
jynfyrS
zq-qdk&S,f
ygvDref'Drdkua&pD
uvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtay: wdwdvif;vif; rqefYusif? raESmifh,SufMuao;ay/
zqyvudk tydkifpD;xm;onfh qdk&S,fvpfygwD[laom teuft"dyÜm,fudk ausmfvGefNyD;
qdkonfrSm
ygwDrdwfaqGrsm;u oef;aygif;rsm;pGm &Sdaeayonf/ ygwD\rdwfbuf? odkYr[kwf t&ef
teufa&mifrJyHk;xJodkYom
uvnf; oef;csD&Sdaeonf/ vrf;pOfvli,ftiftm;vnf; oef;csDcJhonf/ ajratmuf
jynfaxmifpkNydKuGJrnfh tEÅ&m,fBuHKcJh&onf/ t&if;&SifygvDref 'Drdkua&pD[lonf t&if;
&SifwdkY vGwfvyfpGm csrf;oma&;? vGwfvyfpGme,fcsJUa&;twGuf pwifazmfpyfcJhaom
EdkifiH'ku©yifv,fa0cJh&onf/ tajccHOya'yg cGJxGufcGifhrlrsm;aMumifh 1962 ckESpfwGif
rD'D,mrsm;?
tiftm;jzpfonhf awmifolv,form; tpnf;t½kH;? tvkyform;tpnf;t½kH;0ifrsm;
aomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh ajray:vuf0Jvuf,m qefYusifa&;orm;rsm;uom teufa&mif
xdkYaMumifhyif jynfvHk;uRwfqE´cH,lyGJwGif qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdol OD;a& 14760036
rJrsm;xnhfMuyg[lí rajymEdkifcJhMu/ BBC, VOA, RFA ponfh jynfytoHvTifh Xmersm;
1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'onf vGwfvyfa&; tcsdefrD&,la&;twGuf taxmuf
tmPmudk vufvGwfpy,foHk;wwfaom tmPm&Sifrsm;tjzpf? zqyvudk tydkifpD;xm;
tcsKdUuom ¤if;wdkYvufvSrf;rD&m aus;&Gmrsm;rS jynfolrsm;udk uefYuGufrJay;Mu&ef?
(axmufcHonf)[laom pmwef;ESifh (pmrwwfolrsm; tvG,fodEdkif&ef) trSeftrSwf
jynfwGif;rS ykqdef½dk;rsm;u qefYusifaESmifh,Sufjcif; rcH&ay/ awmwGif; aomif;usef;oltzGJU
zq-zufqpf? qdk&S,f- qkdk&S,fvpfygwD[k OD;ausmfNidrf;\ twdkuftcH ESdyfuGyfa&;
teufa&mifrJyHk;ay:wGif
(uefYuGufonf)[laom pmwef;ESifhMuufajccwf trSwftom; (Ï)wdkYudk a&;om;xm;
wuúodkvfjrwfol
axmufcHrJray;Mu&ef acsmhumwpfvSnfh fajcmufumwpfcsD [efYwm;cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf
yHkpHaMumifh
1973 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif jynfvHk;uRwfqE´cH,lyGJ usif;ya&;
a,muf(14 oef;ausmf) &Sdonfhteuf? 13 oef;ausmf rJvm ay;cJhonf/ rJvmay;ol
aumfr&Sifu 1973 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 15 &ufaeYrS 31 &ufaeYtwGif; jynfvHk;uRwf
xdkacwf xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOf\ ygwD0ifrsm;? t&efygwD0ifrsm;ESifh
wpfyHk; pkpkaygif; rJyHk;ESpfyHk;xm;&SdrnfjzpfaMumif;? axmufcHonfh rJyHk;rSm tjzLa&mifjzpfNyD;?
uefYuGufonfhrJyHk;rSm teufa&mif jzpfaMumif;? axmufcHonfh tjzLa&mifrJyHk;ay:wGif
qE´cH,lyGJ usif;y&mwGif rJ½kHwdkif;ü axmufcHonfhrJyHk; wpfyHk;ESifh uefYuGufonfh rJyHk;
aom qdk&S,fvpfygwDudk (zq- qdk&S,f)rsm;[k uifyGef;wyfcJhonf/ Aef;armfwifatmif\
tmPm-
nDvmcHu
udk,fpm;jyK
awmfrsm;odkY
aumfr&Sif\
tajccHOya'[k
tmPmusihfoHk;&mü
om;jynfolrsm;xHrS
EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
'Drkdua&pD[kvnf;
ac:wGifcJhonf/
qif;oufí
tpD&ifcHcsuftwdkif;
tjrifhqHk;jzpfonf/
a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufavonf/
ac:wGif\/
(trwfrsm;)
jynfoltaygif;wkdYu
EdkifiHwpf0ef;ü
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwGif aMunmcJhonf/
,if;tajccHOya'ü
jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpf
tkyfcsKyfyHk
tkyfcsKyfyHk
tkyfcsKyfyHk
tkyfcsKyfyHk
tkyfcsKyfyHk
ysHUESHYwnf&SdNrJjzpfonf/
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif
a&G;cs,fapvTwfaeMujcif;
[laom
twnfjyKay;NyD;jzpfaMumifhjzifh
or®wjrefrmEdkifiH
Administrative power or Exceutive power (pDrHcefYcGJa&;tmPm)?
177
13312001 a,mufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh axmufcHrJay;onfh &mcdkfifEIef;rSm 90 'or
19 jzpfaMumif; jynfvHk;uRwfqE´cH,lyGJ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu aMunmcJhavonf/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuvnf; xdkrJpm&if;ESifh axmufcHrJ&mcdkfifEIef; (90 'or 19)udk
awmf
(Seperation of power)udk csrSwfMuaomfvnf; or®wudk vTwfawmfESpf&yf pkaygif;
13461448 a,muf &SdcJhonf/ ,if;odkY rJvmay;olrsm;teufrS axmufcHrJay;olaygif;
w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm Judicial power wdkYjzpfonf/ Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyf(pDrHcefYcGJ)a&;?
w&m;pD&ifa&;wdkYudk jynfolrsm;udk,fwdkif aeYpOfudkifwG,f aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;r&Sdí vTwf
tzGJUu wm0efcH&onf/ ygvDrefu Oya'jyKonf/ w&m;pD&ifrnfh w&m;olBuD;csKyfrsm;udk
tmPm\ cufroHk;jzmum; (1) Oya'jyKa&;tmPm- Legislative power (2) tkyfcsKyfa&;
(3)
ygvDrefvTwfawmfu a&G;cs,fcefYxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh vTwfawmfonf tcsKyftjcm
or®wudk) ygvDrefvTwfawmfu a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonf/ ygvDrefvTwfawmfudk tpdk;&
(vTwfawmf ESpf&yf&SdvQif vTwfawmfESpf&yf yl;wGJtpnf;ta0;rsm;)u tkyfcsKyfa&;tBuD;
tuJ 0efBuD;csKyf? EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJ or®wudk (bk&ifpepf wnfNrJaeqJ pnf;rsOf;cH
bk&ifpepfwGif bk&ifudkrl vTwfawmfurcefYbJ EdkifiHtxGwftxdyf? EdkifiHtBuD;tuJtjzpf
jzpfonf/
vTwfawmf
todtrSwfjyKxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pD yDyDoousifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl
1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'udk jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
jyK&onf/ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu w&m;pD &ifa&;udk Oya'ESifhtnD wm0ef,l? wm0efcHNyD;
pum;&yf
1974
wpfqifh) rJay; a&G;cs,fMuonf/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif tmPmoHk;&yf ydkif;jcm;usifhoHk;aomrl
pD&if&onf/ tar&duefwGif or®wudk jynfolu (or®wa&G;cs,fa&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS
yg0ifcJhonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh State Constitution udk EdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk
onf tcsKyftjcmtmPm&yfBuD;udk ydkifqdkifMuonf/ tcsKyftjcmtmPm[lonf EdkifiH
tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk ydkif;jcm;usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHrsm; Oyrm tar&duefjynf
tcsKyftjcm
vHk;0tmPmydkif jzpfoGm;onf/ vTwfawmf (ESpf&yf)u Oya'udk wm0ef,l? wm0efcHNyD;
tajccHOya'[kom jyefqdkvQif ydkrdkwdusayonf/ vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHrS EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;
axmifpkwGif or®wu tkyfcsKyfa&; (EdkifiHpDrHcefYcGJa&;)tmPmudk vHk;0 wm0ef,l&ojzifh