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BROOD COMB NATURAL HABITAT

Honey bees use caves, rock cavities and hollow
trees as natural nesting sites. In warmer
NE SUPPORT climates they may occasionally build exposed
hanging nests as pictured. Members of other
subgenera have exposed aerial combs. The nest is
composed of multiple honeycombs, parallel to
each other, with a relatively uniform bee space.
It usually has a single entrance. Western honey
ENVELOPE bees prefer nest cavities approximately 45 litres
in volume and avoid those smaller than 10 or
ENTRANCE HOLE larger than 100 litres. Western honey bees show
several nest-site preferences: the height above
ground is usually between 1 metre and 5 metres,
entrance positions tend to face downward,
The beehive's internal structure is a densely Equatorial-facing entrances are favored, and
packed group of hexagonal prismatic cells nest sites over 300 metres from the parent
made of beeswax, called a honeycomb. The colony are preferred. Bees usually occupy nests
bees use the cells to store food (honey and for several years.
pollen) and to house the brood (eggs, larvae, The bees often smooth the bark surrounding the
and pupae). nest entrance, and the cavity walls are coated
Beehives serve several purposes: production with a thin layer of hardened plant resin
of honey, pollination of nearby crops, (propolis). Honeycombs are attached to the walls
housing supply bees for apitherapy along the cavity tops and sides, but small
treatment, and to try to mitigate the passageways are left along the comb edges. The
effects of colony collapse disorder. In basic nest architecture for all honeybees is
America, hives are commonly transported so similar: honey is stored in the upper part of the
that bees can pollinate crops in other areas. comb; beneath it are rows of pollen-storage
A number of patents have been issued for cells, worker-brood cells, and drone-brood cells,
beehive designs. in that order. The peanut-shaped queen cells are
normally built at the lower edge of the comb.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTGURE URBAN HABITAT

OOTY, INDIA KIGALI, RWANDA

Tropical architecture is all about achieving thermal comfort through the use of passive design elements like sunshades, cavity walls, light shelves, overhangs, roof and
wall insulation and even shading from large trees to block the sun. It can look very traditional, ultramodern or even high-tech. Passive design play a big role in this
climate because it is a sustainable way is the process of achieving this comfort level without the use of mechanical systems
URBAN HABITAT URBAN HABITAT

Cities are growing and many rural or peri-urban areas are becoming urban. By 2050, 60% more people will live
in urban areas than today. In tropical climates within Asia and Africa, the proportion of the urban population
is increasing by 1.5 and 1.1% per annum, respectively. Over the same time period, depending on the season and
exact location within the tropics, the mean surface temperature is expected to rise by between 1 and 3°C.
Urbanization and climate change could each alter the composition, intensity and seasonality of pathogen
transmission and disease incidence across the tropics, but since both changes will occur at once, the drivers
of these disease systems will interact in complex ways to determine what diseases are present and the
corresponding seasonality of infection, disease and death.
The tropics include much of the world's rural population as well as many of the fastest growing urban
centers. In addition to chronic diseases that afflict more industrialized areas, these areas are
disproportionately burdened by infectious diseases.3 While climate change and urbanization could act
synergistically to increase the burden of current endemic diseases within densely populated urban cores,
they could also result in complex (and possibly antagonistic) outcomes.

TROPICAL NATURAL & URBAN HABITAT
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