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Position of Perpetrator in Latin America and the Caribbean — 37 Cases



                             Employee (37.8%)  $165,000
                   Position of Perpetrator  (percent of cases)  Owner/Executive (16.2%)  $635,000  $10,000,000

                              Manager (40.5%)






                                 Other (5.4%)

                                                   $2,500,000
                                           $0      $1,241,000   $5,000,000  $7,500,000  $10,000,000
                                                               Median Loss





                                  Position of Perpetrator in Oceania — 35 Cases



                   Position of Perpetrator  (percent of cases)  Employee (31.4%)  $55,000




                                                    $335,000
                              Manager (45.7%)



                                                                                $2,300,000
                       Owner/Executive (22.9%)

                                           $0     $500,000  $1,000,000  $1,500,000  $2,000,000  $2,500,000
                                                               Median Loss






            The Impact of Collusion
            When two or more individuals conspire to commit fraud against an organization, it can have an especially harmful
            effect, particularly when the combined efforts of the fraudsters enable them to circumvent or override anti-fraud
            controls. In our three most recent studies, the rate of collusion (defined as two or more perpetrators engaged in
            the fraud) has been fairly consistent; multiple perpetrators were reported in 36% to 42% of all cases.   2012 REPORT TO THE NATIONS on occupational FRAUD and abuse   |


            Schemes involving collusion have also consistently resulted in much larger losses than those involving a single
            fraudster. As the chart on the following page shows, the median loss in collusion schemes in our current study
            was $250,000, which was more than twice the loss resulting from single-perpetrator schemes. Interestingly, over
            the last three studies, losses in single-perpetrator schemes have remained notably constant, while losses in multi-
            ple-perpetrator schemes have dropped significantly, from $500,000 in our 2008 study to $250,000 in this Report.





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