Page 37 - Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Cytology, The Skin and Subcutis
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                       •	  Mitotic figures
                           The presence of increased numbers of mitoses, especially when atypical (characterized by
  VetBooks.ir              asymmetrical division), is suggestive of malignancy. Certain cell types (e.g. lymphoid cells,
                           macrophages) may show some degree of mitotic activity in absence of neoplasia.
                       •	  Thickened or irregular nuclear membrane and nuclear blebbing/fragmentation
                       4.3  Cytoplasmic Criteria


                       •	  Increased cytoplasmic basophilia
                           This should be compared with the normal cell counterpart. Increased basophilia indicates
                           sustained RNA activity, typical of metabolically active cells.
                       •	  Abnormal vacuolation and granulation


                        (A)                                 (B)





























                       Fig. 4.2.  Criteria of malignancy. (A) Atypical cytoplasmic vacuolations and reduced cell adhesion (canine
                       urothelial carcinoma). (B) Atypical perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolation (canine squamous cell carcinoma).
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