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Calorie Needs Calculation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 1077

Calorie Needs Calculation Client Education
Sheet
VetBooks.ir
Possible Complications and
Difficulty level: ♦
Common Errors to Avoid • Apply body and muscle condition scoring
at each visit.
Synonyms Equations provide only an estimate but are • Adjust the amount fed as needed to achieve
Energy requirements, caloric requirements applied to patients with individual needs. Use or maintain ideal body condition.
only as a starting point, then use serial body
Overview and Goal weights at consistent intake to make appropriate Alternatives and Their
The goal of calculation of estimated calorie adjustments in amount fed. Relative Merits
needs is to provide client guidance on amounts A complete diet history and determination of
to feed and to compare current or historical Procedure total current calorie intake, ideally in consid-
to expected intakes to more accurately evaluate • Measure body weight (BW) in kg. eration of body weight trends, is the best way
unwanted weight loss or gain. • Calculate resting energy requirement (RER): to determine the needs of an individual. Procedures and Techniques
○ RER = BW 0.75 × 70
Indications ○ Hint: to raise BW to 0.75 power for 20-kg Pearls
When providing new feeding recommendations dog, use a smart phone or calculator, • Calorie content is often available on product
for new pets, for pets switching diets, or for pets or enter this into an Internet browser: websites, and is required to be provided
who have unintentionally lost or gained weight 20^0.75, then multiply answer by 70 to on labels of packaged pet foods and treats
get RER per Association of American Feed Control
Contraindications • Apply life stage/activity factor to estimate Officials guidelines, which are law in many
If current intake can be accurately determined maintenance energy requirement (MER): U.S. states.
and correlated with serial body weight mea- ○ MER = RER × life stage/activity factor • It is not unusual for true energy needs of
surements, this is the best indicator of an ○ Life stage/activity factors individual patients to vary up to +/− 50%
individual’s needs and is superior to equations. ■ Growing dog: 3 (<4 months) to 2 compared to estimates determined by
(>4 months) equations.
Equipment, Anesthesia ■ Overweight-prone or sedentary dog:
Calculator or computer 1.0-1.2 SUGGESTED READING
■ Overweight-prone or sedentary cat: Freeman L, et al: WSAVA nutritional assess-
Anticipated Time 0.8-1.0 ment guidelines. Compend Contin Educ Vet
Less than 1 minute to calculate estimated energy ■ Neutered dog: 1.4-1.6 33(8):E1-E9, 2012.
needs; variable time needed to collect and assess ■ Neutered cat: 1.0-1.2
current calorie intake data from an individual ■ Intact dog: 1.8 RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
diet history ■ Intact cat: 1.4 SHEETS
• To achieve weight loss, see p. 700.
Preparation: Important How to Change a Pet’s Diet
Checkpoints Postprocedure How to Effectively Induce Weight Loss in a
• Body weight in kg • Measure serial body weights over time at Dog or Cat
• If possible, complete a thorough diet history consistent intake (repeat diet history at each
with exact diets, treats, supplements, and visit). AUTHOR: Jennifer A. Larsen, DVM, PhD, DACVN
daily amounts fed EDITORS: Leah A. Cohn, DVM, PhD, DACVIM; Mark S.
Thompson, DVM, DABVP

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Difficulty level: ♦♦ is to provide the animal a chance for meaning- • Clear signs of death (e.g., rigor mortis;
ful survival. The overall survival to hospital dependent lividity)
Synonyms discharge rate is less than 10% for dogs or cats
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), cardio- undergoing CPR, but it is markedly higher for Equipment, Anesthesia
pulmonary cerebral resuscitation anesthetized animals. A resuscitation environment should include an
audited crash cart and cognitive aids.
Overview and Goal Indications • Equipment
CPR is used in apneic animals without signs of CPR is the only available treatment for CPA. ○ Pressure bag for rapid fluid infusion
effective circulation (i.e., cardiopulmonary arrest Quick recognition of CPA and immediate ○ Manual resuscitator bag
[CPA]). It consists of basic life support (BLS) administration of CPR is important for a ○ Airway suction unit and supplies
and advanced life support (ALS). BLS includes favorable outcome. ○ Laryngoscope
positive-pressure ventilation and external chest ○ Endotracheal tubes of various sizes, with
compressions. ALS includes monitoring, vascular Contraindications ties
access, drug administration, and defibrillation. • Do not resuscitate (DNR) order, provided ○ Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor
The immediate goals of CPR are 1) preserv- by pet owner ○ Defibrillator
ing organ function, foremost the heart and • The CPA is precipitated by severe, irreversible ○ External and internal defibrillation paddles
brain, and 2) restarting the heart. Its purpose disease. ○ Capnograph

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