Page 321 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Brucellosis 138.e3

Recommended Monitoring iodinated contrast agents for the documentation ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED
• Clinical signs of bronchoesophageal fistulas has been discour- READINGS
VetBooks.ir tion of pneumonia adverse effects (cough, pulmonary edema). Veterinary surgery: small animal, ed 2, St. Louis, Diseases and Disorders
aged because of the potential for more local
• Thoracic radiographs for radiographic resolu-
Monnet E: Lungs. In Johnston SA, et al, editors:
○ Treating for 7-10 days beyond radiographic
2018, Elsevier, p 1752-1768.
Prevention
resolution of pneumonia is commonly
Literature survey, case presentations, and radio-
recommended because radiographic resolu- • Limit opportunities for foreign body inges- Park RD: Bronchoesophageal fistula in the dog:
tion often lags behind clinical resolution. tion, particularly in small-breed dogs. graphic manifestations. Compend Contin Educ
Vet 6:669-677, 1984.
• There are no means of preventing a congenital Spielman BL, et al: Esophageal foreign body in dogs:
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME bronchoesophageal fistula, but affected dogs a retrospective study of 23 cases. J Am Anim Hosp
probably should not be bred. Assoc 28:570-574, 1992.
A good prognosis is expected if respiratory
complications are not serious. For patients with Technician Tips RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
severe respiratory complications, the prognosis The presence of an esophageal foreign body
is guarded. poses risks of aspiration pneumonia, including SHEETS
during contrast studies. Changes in respiratory Consent to Perform Bronchoalveolar Lavage
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS rate or character could signal an aspiration (BAL)
event.
Comments Consent to Perform Endoscopy, Upper GI
(Gastroduodenoscopy)
Administration of a dilute concentration of SUGGESTED READING Pneumonia
barium sulfate (20%-30% weight/volume) for Della Ripa MA, et al: Canine bronchoesophageal
an esophagram can facilitate demonstration of fistulas: case report and literature review. Compend AUTHOR: Rance K. Sellon, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
a bronchoesophageal fistula. The use of oral Contin Educ Vet 32:E1-E10, 2010. EDITOR: Megan Grobman, DVM, MS, DACVIM

Brucellosis Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION pathogenicity may be related to expression PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
of a specific fatty acid (19 : 0 cyclopropane As for History above. Additional manifestations
Definition [lactobacillic acid], w8c [cis-11,12-methylene of systemic disease in various organs (e.g., bone,
Infection with gram-negative intracellular octadecanoic acid]) in some strains of B. canis. eyes, brain): lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly,
coccobacillus or rod-shaped bacteria, Brucella blepharospasm, and ocular changes (recurrent
canis (most commonly) or, less commonly in GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY anterior uveitis), lameness, or paraspinal pain
dogs, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, or Brucella Worldwide distribution: endemic in the with paresis or paralysis (discospondylitis)
melitensis southern United States and in Central and
South America, sporadic elsewhere Etiology and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology • Bacteria penetrate exposed mucous mem-
SPECIES, AGE, SEX ASSOCIATED DISORDERS branes of oral cavity, conjunctiva, nasal tissue,
Any dog; no sex predisposition but sexually Discospondylitis, anterior uveitis (end- penis, or vaginal vault.
intact status increases incidence (venereal ophthalmitis), reproductive failure and disease • Organisms shed through highly contaminated
transmission) (see below) vaginal discharge, milk of lactating bitch,
semen, prostatic fluid, vaginal fluid during
RISK FACTORS Clinical Presentation estrus, and lochia of parturition. After abor-
Housing or breeding with infected animals HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT tion, females may continue to shed bacteria
Female: intermittently for weeks or months.
CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS • Failure to conceive, early embryonic death, • Urine has been suggested as the most impor-
• Sources of B. canis organisms include vaginal fetal resorption tant source of infection: bacteria are at the
and preputial discharge, aborted tissue, semen • Abortion at 45-55 days of gestation, possibly highest concentration in urine 1-6 months
(including frozen semen), milk, urine, and with no other signs after infection and before overt clinical signs.
to a lesser extent, salivary and nasal secre- • Birth of stillborn, partially autolyzed, or weak ○ Culture in rough or mucoid phase on
tions. Transmission occurs between naive pups primary isolation. However, culture is
and infected dogs. • Persistent, highly infective mucopurulent or time-consuming and fastidious because
• Reportable zoonosis in some U.S. states if serosanguineous vulvar discharge for 1-6 Brucella organisms do not grow easily in
confirmatory tests are positive. Human cases weeks postpartum culture.
rare but possible from close physical contact • Recurrent abortions followed by a normal • Phagocytized, B. canis remains viable intracel-
with infected dog, especially if the human is whelping of live or dead pups lularly in regional and other lymph nodes
young, pregnant, or immunocompromised. Male: and blood for months to years. Bacteremia
Seroprevalence studies have shown that • Orchitis (scrotal swelling, testicular atrophy within 1-4 weeks after infection; episodic
women are at a greater risk than men. in chronic infections) for months to more than 5 years
Because of their exposure to dogs and a • Epididymitis • Clinical signs of reproductive tract disease in
more concentrated contact with sick dogs • Poor semen quality (as many as 90% of sperm bitches due to placentitis and metritis and, in
than the general population, the prevalence may be abnormal) male dogs, due to epididymal inflammation
of B. canis antibodies among the practicing • Prostatitis and subsequent autoimmune destruction of
veterinarians in one study was 72.6%. Human • Decreased libido testicular tissue

www.ExpertConsult.com