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138.e6 Brunfelsia Toxicosis

• Educate clients about annual testing of intact Brower A, et al: Investigation of the spread of Brucella Shin S, et al: Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella
dogs with consequence of euthanasia if canis via the U.S. interstate dog trade. Int J Infect canis. In Carmichael LE, editor: Recent advances
Dis 11(5):454-458, 2007.
in canine infectious diseases. International Veteri-
infected.
VetBooks.ir • Perform RSAT or Card test with in-date kit Graham EM, et al: Bacterial reproductive pathogens nary Information Service 1999, document no.
A0101.1199 (website). http://www.ivis.org/home.
of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim
or submit blood to diagnostic laboratory.
Pract 42(3):561-582, 2012.
asp.
• Test both male and female dogs before
breeding. Gyuranecz M, et al: Within-host evolution of Brucella Wanke MM, et al: Use of enrofloxacin in the treat-
ment of canine brucellosis in a dog kennel (clinical
canis during a canine brucellosis outbreak in a
• Wear gloves during examination or treatment kennel. BMC Vet Res 9(1):76, 2013. trial). Theriogenology 66:1573-1578, 2006.
of any dog with relevant clinical signs and Hollett RB: Brucellosis. In Ettinger SJ, et al, editors: Wanke MM: Canine brucellosis. Anim Reprod Sci
isolate until tested negative. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 7, St. 82-83:195-207, 2004.
Louis, 2010, Elsevier, pp 882-886.
Client Education Hollett RB: Canine brucellosis: outbreaks and RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
• Public health concern; incurable, zoonotic compliance. Theriogenology 66:575-587, 2006. SHEETS
disease for intact and neutered dogs Kauffman LK, et al: Early detection of Brucella canis
• To reduce introduction of B. canis and via quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Consent to Perform Castration, Canine
Zoonoses Public Health 61:48-54, 2014.
subsequent loss of breeding stock or pet, Keid LB, et al: Comparison of agar gel immunodif- Ovariohysterectomy (Routine): Considerations
continue regular testing annually early in fusion test, rapid slide agglutination test, micro- and Planning
the estrous cycle and before breeding or biological culture and PCR for the diagnosis of
collecting semen for shipment. canine brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 86:22-26, 2009.
• Use common disinfectants on premises. Lucero NE, et al: Human Brucella canis outbreak DEDICATION
linked to infection in dogs. Epidemiol Infect This chapter is dedicated to my co-author Dr.
138(2):280-285, 2010.
SUGGESTED READING Makloski CL: Canine brucellosis management. Vet Bruce Hollett, who lost his valiant battle with
Hollett RB: Update on canine brucellosis. Clin Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 41(6):1209-1219, pancreatic cancer on April 23, 2013.
Theriogenol 1:287-295, 2009. 2011.
Marzetti S, et al: Recent trends in human Brucella AUTHORS: Michelle A. Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT;
†
ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED canis infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect R. Bruce Hollett, DVM, MS, DACT
EDITOR: Michelle A. Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT
READINGS Dis 36(1):55-61, 2013.
Brower A, et al: Newly identified variability in Brucella Reynes E, et al: Monitoring infected dogs after a
canis fatty-acid content is associated with geographi- canine brucellosis outbreak. Comp Immunol †
cal origin. Epidemiol Infect 141(4):852-858, 2013. Microbiol Infect Dis 35(6):533-537, 2012. Deceased.
Brunfelsia Toxicosis Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION Clinical Presentation • Several tremorgenic compounds such as
hopeanine and brunfelsamidine are present
Definition HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT in all parts of the plant.
An acute poisoning resulting from the ingestion • Observed ingestion of the plant Mechanism of toxicosis:
of Brunfelsia spp plant and characterized by • Vomiting/diarrhea containing plant material/ • Hopeanine and brunfelsamidine are potent
nervous system effects, including tremors, berries/seeds tremorgens and convulsants in laboratory
ataxia, and seizures, often accompanied by • Rapid onset of clinical signs, within 30 animals. These compounds seem to interfere
vomiting and/or diarrhea minutes to a few hours with neurotransmission in a manner similar
to strychnine.
Epidemiology PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
SPECIES, AGE, SEX • Initial signs include agitation or excite- DIAGNOSIS
Dogs are the most commonly affected species; ment.
there is no age or sex predisposition. • +/− Gastrointestinal (GI) signs such as Diagnostic Overview
vomiting and diarrhea A clinical diagnosis is based on history, presence
RISK FACTORS • Tremors/shaking of the plant in the environment and in vomitus
All parts of the plant are toxic; ingestion of • Muscle rigidity/stiffness or diarrhea, and rapid onset of neurologic signs
berries/seeds can cause severe signs (contain • Tonic-clonic seizures (tremors, seizures, and ataxia).
more toxin).
Etiology and Pathophysiology Differential Diagnosis
GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY Source: Toxicologic:
• Brunfelsia spp grow best in a warm, coastal • The genus encompasses several dozen species • Strychnine, metaldehyde, tremorgenic
environment. Most cases in the United States of shrubs and trees. The most commonly mycotoxins, stimulant toxicities (e.g.,
are reported from coastal California, Gulf encountered are Brunfelsia americana, methylxanthines, amphetamines), lead
Coast states (Texas, Louisiana, and Florida). Brunfelsia australis, Brunfelsia grandiflora, Spontaneous, non-toxicologic:
In other regions, the plant may be kept and Brunfelsia pauciflora. • Seizure disorders (e.g., epilepsy, canine
indoors as a tub plant and moved outdoors • Common names include lady-of-the-night, distemper, intracranial neoplasia, and meta-
in the summer. yesterday-today-tomorrow, morning-noon- bolic disorders [e.g., hypoglycemia, hepatic
• The plant flowers in mid-spring, and berries and-night, kiss-me-quick, and royal purple encephalopathy])
and seeds are present from summer to fall. brunfelsia.

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