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Cryptorchidism 225.e3

Behavior/Exercise male reproductive behaviors (e.g., territo- ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED
Cryptorchidism does not reduce serum testoster- rial urine marking, intermale aggression), READINGS
VetBooks.ir in the normal descended testis). Cryptorchid Prevention Amann RP, et al: Cryptorchidism in common euthe- Diseases and Disorders
advanced or confirmatory testing should be
one concentrations (and spermatogenesis occurs
performed to verify the neuter status.
rian mammals. Reproduction 133:541-561, 2007.
males will have normal marking and breeding
Gubbels EJ, et al: Relationship of cryptorchidism
behaviors and should be isolated from receptive
females to prevent breeding and/or transmission • Removal of affected animals from breeding with sex ratios and litter sizes in 12 dog breeds.
Anim Reprod Sci 113:187-195, 2009.
of venereal diseases. reduces incidence in the breed. Hecht S, et al: Ultrasound diagnosis: intra-abdominal
• The dam and female siblings of affected males torsion of a non-neoplastic testicle in a cryptorchid
Possible Complications may be homozygous or heterozygous carriers dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:58–61, 2004.
• If left untreated, neoplasia is very likely to but do not demonstrate phenotypic signs. Johnson S, et al: Canine and feline theriogenol-
develop in the retained testis. • The sire and some male siblings are heterozy- ogy, Philadelphia, 2001, Saunders, pp 313-317,
530-532.
• If left untreated, BPH and prostatitis are gous carriers not showing any manifestations Klonisch T, et al: Molecular and genetic regulation of
likely. of cryptorchidism. testis descent and external genitalia development.
Develop Biol 270:1-18, 2004.
Recommended Monitoring Technician Tips Mayhew P: Laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted
If bilateral testes cannot be palpated at 8 • Contraction of the cremaster muscle in cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats. Compend
weeks, recheck the animal at 6 months before nervous animals will draw the testicle up Contin Educ Vet 31:E9, 2009.
definitively diagnosing cryptorchidism. toward the external inguinal rings. The Mostachio GQ, et al: Intraabdominal torsion of a
testicle can be manipulated back into the neoplastic testicle and prostatic cyst in a cryptorchid
dog. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 149:408-412, 2007.
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME scrotum by standing the patient on his hind Quartuccio M, et al: Sertoli cell tumors associated
legs with his front legs elevated, reaching with feminizing syndrome and spermatic cord
With castration, prognosis for life is excel- between the patient’s hind legs, placing a torsion in two cryptorchid dogs. J Vet Sci 13:207-
lent. Surgical castration eliminates the risk of pointer finger and middle finger bilaterally in 209, 2012.
testicular cancer and greatly reduces the risk the cranial inguinal region, applying moder- Themmen APN, et al; The use of anti-müllerian
of prostatic disease. If cryptorchidism persists, ate pressure, and pulling the fingers toward hormone as diagnostic for gonadectomy status in
neoplasia is likely and prognosis guarded. the scrotum. The testicles should be palpable dogs. Theriogenology 86:1467-1474, 2016.
within the scrotum; if not, after multiple Veronesi MC, et al: Characteristics of cryptic/ectopic
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS attempts, a diagnosis of cryptorchidism can and contralateral scrotal testes in dogs between 1
and 2 years of age. Theriogenology 72:969-977,
be made.
2009.
Comments • Do not confuse the root of the penis with Yates D, et al: Incidence of cryptorchidism in dogs
• Surgical correction or medical treatment to a testicle. and cats. Vet Rec 152:502-504, 2003.
induce descent of the aberrant testis into
the scrotum have been reported in dogs Client Education RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
(GnRH 50-100 mcg SQ or IV, twice at 7-day Do not breed animals that are cryptorchid or
intervals, or hCG 100-1000 IU IM q 3-4 have whelped or sired cryptorchid offspring. SHEETS
days × 4 injections), but efficacy and ethics Consent to Perform Castration, Canine
of such protocols are suspect. Artificially SUGGESTED READING Consent to Perform General Anesthesia
corrected cryptorchid testes have the same Gharagozlou F, et al: Anti-mullerian hormone: a
10-fold increased potential for neoplasia as potential biomarker for differential diagnosis of AUTHOR: Richard Wheeler, DVM, DACT
retained testes. cryptorchidism in dogs. Vet Rec 175:460-461, EDITOR: Michelle A. Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT
• When dogs present with unknown or incom- 2014.
plete medical histories and are displaying

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