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Gastrointestinal Endocrine Disease 383.e3

• Carcinoid tumors ○ Mean survival times are 8 months (gas- internal medicine, ed 8, vol 2, Elsevier, 2017, pp
trinoma) and 5 months (glucagonoma).
○ Octreotide (has been tried with limited • Carcinoid tumors: most are nonfunctional 1833-1838.
VetBooks.ir ○ Available antiserotonin agents have not and found incidentally on postmortem exam; ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED Diseases and Disorders
success)
READINGS
prognosis is poor.
been shown to be safe in dogs or cats.
• No effective chemotherapeutic agents have
associated with a glucagon-producing primary
been reported in the veterinary literature for • Pancreatic polypeptidoma (rare): prognosis Asakawa MG, et al: Necrolytic migratory erythema
is guarded.
any of these tumors. hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma in a cat. Vet
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS Dermatol 24:466-469, 2013
Possible Complications Cruz Cardona JA, et al: Metastatic pancreatic
Postsurgical pancreatitis may occur after tumor Comments polypeptide-secreting islet cell tumor in a dog.
Vet Clin Pathol 39:371-376, 2010.
removal. • These tumors are difficult to diagnose and Lane M, et al: Medical management of a gastrinoma
manage; referral to a veterinary internal in a cat. J Feline Med Surg Open Rep 2:1-7, 2016.
Recommended Monitoring medicine or oncology specialist is suggested.
• Clinical signs should be closely monitored • Long-acting somatostatin analogs may be RELATED CLIENT EDUCATION
and addressed as needed. available in the future that may be more
• Insulin doses should be increased as neces- effective than octreotide. SHEETS
sary to combat resistance in patients with a
glucagonoma and diabetes mellitus. Technician Tips Consent to Perform Abdominal Ultrasound
• GI endocrine tumors are rare, with nonspe- Consent to Perform Computed Tomography
(CT Scan)
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME cific clinical signs. They are often diagnosed Consent to Perform Exploratory Laparotomy
postmortem.
• Gastrinoma and glucagonoma • These tumors are generally resistant to AUTHOR: Cynthia R. Ward, VMD, PhD, DACVIM
○ Poor long-term prognosis because therapy, and long-term prognosis is poor. EDITOR: Ellen N. Behrend, VMD, PhD, DACVIM
metastasis is present in > 50% of cases
on diagnosis SUGGESTED READING
○ With aggressive medical management, Schermerhorn T: Gastrointestinal endocrinology. In
clinical signs can be alleviated. Ettinger SJ, et al, editors: Textbook of veterinary

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