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1006   PART VIII   Reproductive System Disorders


                                                                 Davidson AP, Baker TW. Reproductive ultrasound of the dog and
                                                                  tom. Top Companion Anim Med. 2009;24:64–70.
  VetBooks.ir                                                     macytic orchitis in a Labrador retriever stud dog. Top Companion
                                                                 Davidson AP, von Dehn BJ, Schlafer DH. Adult-onset lymphoplas-
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                                                                 Gartley CJ. Canine semen abnormalities: orchitis/epididymitis. In:
                                                                  Greco DS, Davidson AP, eds. Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary
                                                                  consult clinical companion: endocrinology and reproduction.
                                                                  Wiley Blackwell; 2017:509–512.
                                                                 Goodman M. Canine prostate disease: benign prostatic hyperpla-
                                                                  sia, cystic benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis. In: Greco DS,
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                                                                  cal companion: endocrinology and reproduction. Wiley Blackwell;
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                                                                 Gunn-Moore DA, et al. Priapism in seven cats. J Small Anim Pract.
                                                                  1995;36:262–266.
                                                                 Hess M. Documented and anecdotal effects of certain pharmaceuti-
            FIG 56.35                                             cal agents used to enhance semen quality in dogs. Theriogenol-
            Cranially displaced and malformed vulva in a female puppy   ogy. 2006;66:613.
            exposed in utero to progestins.                      Laroque PA, et al. Effects of chronic oral administration of a selec-
                                                                  tive 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, on the dog prostate. Pros-
                                                                  tate. 1994;24(2):93–100.
                                                                 Lavely JA. Priapism in dogs.  Top Companion Anim Med.
            Defects in the development of the internal tubular genital   2009;24:49–54.
            tract of females can also result from developmental abnor-  Lyle  S.  Disorders  of  sexual  differentiation.  In:  Greco  DS,  David-
            malities during embryogenesis. Ovaries, testes, or ovotestes   son  AP,  eds.  Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary consult clinical
            can be present. A definitive diagnosis is based on karyotyp-  companion: endocrinology and reproduction. Wiley Blackwell;
            ing and histopathology of the reproductive tract. Most of   2017:103–116.
            these animals are sterile.                           O’Brien D, Rodriguez C. Reproductive malignancies. In: Greco DS,
                                                                  Davidson AP, eds. Blackwell’s five-minute veterinary consult clini-
              Neutering is still indicated to avoid behavioral and para-  cal companion: endocrinology and reproduction. Wiley Blackwell;
            neoplastic conditions associated with hormone produc-  2017:491–508.
            tion. Iatrogenic causes of disorders of sexual differentiation   Peters MAJ, et al. Aging, testicular tumours and the pituitary-testis
            include therapy with progestagens during pregnancy (Fig.   axis in dogs. J Endocrinol. 2000;166:153.
            56.35).                                              Pettersson A, et al. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk
              In males, congenital causes of infertility should be con-  of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 1835;356:2007.
            sidered in aspermic animals that have no history of siring a   Rijsselaere T, et al. New techniques for the assessment of canine
            litter. Abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal   semen quality: a review. Theriogenology. 2005;64:706.
            axis, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and disor-  Rochat MC. Priapism a review. Theriogenology. 2001;56:713–722.
            ders of sexual differentiation, such as intersex, are possible   Romagnoli S, et al. Clinical use of testicular fine needle aspiration
            causes. Males with hypogonadism have abnormally small   cytology in oligozoospermic and azoospermic dogs.  Reprod
                                                                  Domest Anim. 2009;44(s2).
            testes with diminished (or absent) spermatogenesis and tes-  Romagnoli S, Schlafer DH. Disorders of sexual differentiation in
            tosterone  production.  The  secretory  capacity of  pituitary   puppies and kittens: a diagnostic and clinical approach. Vet Clin
            gonadotropins can be assessed by determining LH levels   North Am Small Anim Pract. 2006;36:573.
            (Status-LH [Synbiotics/Pfizer]) before and 1 hour after   Root Kustritz, et al. Effect of administration of prostaglandin
            administration of GnRH (1-2.2 µg/kg intramuscularly);   F2alpha or presence of an estrous teaser bitch on characteristics
            normal intact male dogs have a serum LH from 0.20 to less   of the canine ejaculate. Theriogenology. 2007;67:255.
            than 20.0 ng/mL. Evaluation of resting and post-hCG or   Root Kustritz, et al. Relationship between inflammatory cytology
            GnRH stimulation testosterone levels is often hampered by   of canine seminal fluid and significant aerobic bacterial, anaero-
            reference range variation among laboratories and the overlap   bic bacterial or Mycoplasma cultures of canine seminal fluid: 95
            between normal basal testosterone levels and hypotestoster-  cases (1987-2000). Theriogenology. 2005;64:1333.
            onism. Examination of the libido of the dog or the penile   Ström-Holst B, et al. Characterization of the bacterial population
                                                                  of the genital tract of adult cats. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:963.
            spines in the tomcat can be more informative regarding the   Wanke MM. Canine brucellosis.  Anim Reprod Sci. 2004;82:
            presence of testosterone.                             195–207.
                                                                 Wheeler R, Kutzler M. LH testing is accurate for diagnosing the
            Suggested Readings                                    presence or absence of testicular tissue in dogs. Clin Theriogenol.
            Bjurström L, et al. Long-term study of aerobic bacteria in the   2010;1:382.
              genital tract in stud dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:670.  Zhao X, Du ZQ, Rothschild MF. An association study of 20 candi-
            Chenowith PJ. Genetic sperm defects.  Theriogenology. 2005;64:   date genes with cryptorchidism in Siberian Husky dogs. J Anim
              457–468.                                            Breed Genet. 2010;127(4):327–331.
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