Page 1042 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

1014 PART VIII Reproductive System Disorders

TABLE 57.1
VetBooks.ir Hematologic Values for Growing, Healthy Beagle Dogs AGE (IN WEEKS)

HEMATOLOGIC
PARAMETER BIRTH* 1* 2* 3* 4* 6* 8 12 † 16 † 20 † 24 † 28 † 40 † 44 † 52 †

RBC (× 10 /µL) 4.7-5.6 (5.1) 3.6-5.9 (4.6) 3.4-4.4 (3.9) 3.5-4.3 (3.8) 3.6-4.9 (4.1) 4.3-5.1 (4.7) 4.5-5.9 (4.9) (6.34) (6.38) (6.93) (7.41) (8.45) (8.69) (8.47) (7.68)
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Hemoglobin (g/dl) 14.0-17.0 (15.2) 10.4-17.5 (12.9) 9.0-11.0 (10.0) 8.6-11.6 (9.7) 8.5-10.3 (9.5) 8.5-11.3 (10.2) 10.3-12.5 (11.2) (14.3) (15.0) (16.0) (16.7) (17.7) (18.2) (18.8) (18.1)
PCV (%) 45.0-52.5 (47.5) 33.0-52.0 (40.5) 29.0-34.0 (31.8) 27.0-37.0 (31.7) 27.0-33.5 (29.9) 26.5-35.5 (32.5) 31.0-39.0 (34.8) (40.9) (43.0) (44.9) (47.6) (48.8) (50.8) (50.2) (49.3)
MCV (fl) (93.0) (89.0) (81.5) (83.0) (73.0) (69.0) (72.0) (64.6) (67.4) (64.8) (64.2) (57.8) (58.4) (59.3) (63.5)
MCH (pg) (30.0) (28.0) (25.5) (25.0) (23.0) (22.0) (22.5) (22.8) (23.5) (23.0) (22.5) (20.5) (20.9) (22.1) (23.6)
MCHC (%) (32.0) (32.0) (31.5) (31.0) (32.0) (31.5) (32.0) (35.3) (34.8) (35.6) (35.1) (36.1) (35.9) (37.3) (37.1)
nRBC/100 WBC 0-13 (2.3) 0-11 (4.0) 0-6 (2.0) 0-9 (1.6) 0-4 (1.2) 0 0-1 (0.2)
Reticulocytes (%) 4.5-9.2 (6.5) 3.8-15.2 (6.9) 4.0-8.4 (6.7) 5.0-9.0 (6.9) 4.6-6.6 (5.8) 2.6-6.2 (4.5) 1.0-6.0 (3.6)
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Total WBC (× 10 /µL) 6.8-18.4 (12.0) 9.0-23.0 (14.1) 8.1-15.1 (11.7) 6.7-15.1 (11.2) 8.5-16.4 (12.9) 12.6-26.7 (16.3) 12.7-17.3 (15.0) (17.1) (16.3) (14.6) (15.6) (15.5) (14.4) (13.9) (14.0)
Segmented neutrophils 4.4-15.8 (8.6) 3.8-15.2 (7.4) 3.2-10.4 (5.2) 1.4-9.4 (5.1) 3.7-12.8 (7.2) 4.2-17.6 (9.0) 6.2-11.8 (8.5) (9.8) (9.0) (8.9) (9.1) (9.1) (9.9) (8.7) (8.1)
Band neutrophils 0-1.5 (0.23) 0-4.8 (0.50) 0-1.2 (0.21) 0-0.5 (0.09) 0-0.3 (0.06) 0-0.3 (0.05) 0-0.3 (0.08) (0.08) (0.1) (0.02) (0.02) (0.08) (0.02) (0.02) (0.04)
Lymphocytes 0.5-4.2 (1.9) 1.3-9.4 (4.3) 1.5-7.4 (3.8) 2.1-10.1 (5.0) 1.0-8.4 (4.5) 2.8-16.6 (5.7) 3.1-6.9 (5.0) (5.7) (5.9) (4.5) (5.3) (4.8) (3.4) (4.0) (4.7)
Monocytes 0.2-2.2 (0.9) 0.3-2.5 (1.1) 0.2-1.4 (0.7) 0.1-1.4 (0.7) 0.3-1.5 (0.8) 0.5-2.7 (1.1) 0.4-1.7 (1.0) (0.9) (0.9) (0.8) (0.7) (0.7) (0.5) (0.6) (0.5)
Eosinophils 0-1.3 (0.4) 0.2-2.8 (0.8) 0.08-1.8 (0.6) 0.07-0.9 (0.3) 0-0.7 (0.25) 0.1-1.9 (0.5) 0-1.2 (0.4) (0.4) (0.4) (0.3) (0.5) (0.8) (0.6) (0.5) (0.5)
Basophils 0-0.2 (0.01) 0-0.15 (0.01)
Platelets (× 10 /µL) 178-465 (302) 282-560 (352) 210-352 (290) 203-370 (272) 130-360 (287) 275-570 (371) 240-435 (324)
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MCH, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; nRBC/100
WBC, number of nucleated red blood cells per 100 white blood cells; PCV, packed cell volume; RBC, red blood cells; total WBC, total white
blood cell count. Values in parentheses are mean values.
*Normal ranges and/or mean values from Earl Fl, Melveger BA, Wilson RL: The hemogram and bone marrow profile of normal neonatal and
weanling beagle dogs. Lab Anim Sci 23:690-695, 1973.
† Mean values from Anderson AC, Gee W: Normal blood values in the beagle, Vet Med 53:135-138, 156, 1958.
From von Dehn B: Pediatric clinical pathology. In Davidson AP (ed) Pediatrics. Vet Clin of North Amer: Small Animal Practice.
31;44(2):205-219, 2014.

attributed to genetic (recessive or incompletely dominant single later surgical correction, has been reported. Feeding
polygenic inheritance), teratogenic (drugs, supplements), the dam’s colostrum for 24 hours followed by artificial bitch
nutritional (folic acid deficiency), or infectious (viral) milk replacer by intermittent orogastric tube is instituted.
factors. Affected neonates are diagnosed by visual inspection At 4 weeks of age, transition to a dry (unsoaked) commer-
of the face and oral cavity, and ineffective nursing/suckling cial pediatric dog food is made. Water is made available
results. These neonates fail to thrive, developing aspiration through an overhead ball-point tube cap system. Surgery can
pneumonia and rhinitis. Feeding by orogastric tube is indi- be delayed until the puppy has achieved enough growth or
cated until the puppy reaches a size permitting oral surgery, may never become necessary, as some degree of closure of
traditionally advised at 8 to 12 weeks of age. Palatoplasty in the cleft occurs with time (Figs. 57.14, A, 57.14, B, 57.14, C,
such young puppies remains difficult due to patient size and 57.14, D, 57.15) (Davidson et al., 2014).
anticipated postoperative orofacial growth, often necessitat- Enteric duplication or agenesis can be confirmed ultraso-
ing multiple surgeries. Esophagostomy or gastrostomy tube nographically in pediatric patients. Duplication is rare, can
placement can facilitate feeding over time but require sig- occur anywhere in the intestinal tract, and the clinical signs
nificant client commitment and can still result in aspiration may be nonspecific (abdominal distension, discomfort). A
(Fig. 57.13, C). Palatal prostheses are problematic in dogs. fluid-filled juxta intestinal formation with variable peristalsis
Methods to improve survival of pet puppies with cleft palates and contents can be seen with ultrasound. Enteric agenesis
are sought by clients; survival to reproductive age in congeni- usually results in severe, life-threatening clinical signs in
tally affected dogs providing a research model for the human the neonatal period (Fig. 57.16). Ultrasonographic findings
condition avoids the need for iatrogenic or teratogenically usually include marked fluid and gas distention of bowel
induced models. A successful method to manage nutrition proximal to the defect.
in affected dogs until adult size is attained, facilitating a Text continued on p. 1020