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246    PART II   Respiratory System Disorders


            often be evaluated directly through fine-needle aspiration or   Fossum TW. Small animal surgery. 5th ed. St Louis: Elsevier Mosby;
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            punch biopsy (see Fig. 13.3). Further evaluation proceeds as   Greene LM, et al. Severity of nasal inflammatory disease question-
  VetBooks.ir  for nasal discharge if such an approach is not possible or is   naire for canine idiopathic rhinitis control: instrument develop-
            unsuccessful.
                                                                  ment and initial validity evidence. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:124.
            Suggested Readings                                   Henderson SM. Investigation of nasal disease in the cat: a retro-
                                                                  spective study of 77 cases. J Feline Med Surg. 2004;6:245.
            Bissett SA, et al. Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of epistaxis   Pomrantz JS, et al. Comparison of serologic evaluation via agar gel
              in dogs: 176 cases (1996-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1843;231:2007.  immunodiffusion and fungal culture of tissue for diagnosis of
            Demko JL, et al. Chronic nasal discharge in cats.  J Am Vet Med   nasal aspergillosis in dogs.  J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;203:
              Assoc. 2007;230:1032.                               1319.
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