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1.5–3.0 g/dL >3.0 g/dL protein Total
<3 000 3 000–5 000 3000–100000
cells/ l cells/ l cells/ l cell count nucleated Total
<10% <10% 10–99% Neutrophils %
80–90% 80–90% <80% cells Mononuclear %
Pale, yellow Slightly cloudly Red/pink Cloudy Color
Predominantly Predominantly
degenerate non-degenerate Cytology
neutrophils neutrophils
Hemarthrosis/
Normal Osteoarthritis/ blood Infectious Immune Diagnosis
trauma mediated
contamination
Figure 9.2 Guidelines for interpretation of synovial fluid samples. Please note that the provided interpretation is based on most commonly
observed values for each disease and individual patients may not fit within these guidelines. Refer to Table 9.1 for further details on normal values
and percentage of cell distribution.
