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References 191

shearing injuries includes the assessment of mediolateral and craniocaudal carpal instability. In
most instances, the loss of carpal stability is medial and dorsal, and the joint will be stable once
tissues heal as a result of periarticular fibrosis. Diagnosis is easily accomplished based on visualiza-
tion but imaging may be required to detect the degree of soft tissue involvement (e.g. stress views
to detect collateral ligament instability, etc.).

13.7.5 Carpal Region Neoplasia
By far, the most common neoplasia of the carpal region is osteosarcoma of the distal radius
(Figure 13.13). Further information is provided in Chapters 11 and 17.

13.7.6 Miscellaneous Other Conditions CARPAL REGION

Idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the accessory carpal bone has been reported in one dog (Harris and
Langley-Hobbs 2013).
Incomplete ossification of the radial carpal bone has been reported in several dog breeds, including
Pointers, Setters, and Boxers (Gnudi et al. 2003; Perry et al. 2010). The intermedioradial carpal
bone represents a fusion of the primitive radial, central, and intermediate carpal bones, and
failure of this fusion can result in incomplete ossification. Radiographs may not show the lesion,
but CT will clearly identify the separation (Figure 13.13).
Subluxation or luxation of carpal bones other than hyperextension injuries is rare. Two reports
described luxations of numbered carpal bones (Guilliard and Mayo 2001; Comerford et al. 2006).
One report described a dorsomedially luxated radial carpal bone (Palierne et al. 2008).
Radiographs or CT are utilized to establish these diagnoses.
Retained cartilaginous cores of the ulna are cones of non-ossified cartilage that project into the dis-
tal metaphysis (Figure 13.13). Unless they are associated with premature closure of the distal
ulnar growth plate, no treatment is needed for this condition.

References

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not change the maximum carpal joint extension angle in agility dogs entering the A-frame. Vet
Comp Orthop Traumatol 31 (2): 77–82.
Benson, J.A. and Boudrieau, R.J. (2002). Severe carpal and tarsal shearing injuries treated with an
immediate arthrodesis in seven dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38 (4): 370–380.
Brianza, S.Z., Delise, M., Maddalena Ferraris, M. et al. (2006). Cross-sectional geometrical properties
of distal radius and ulna in large, medium and toy breed dogs. J Biomech 39 (2): 302–311.
Bristow, P.C., Meeson, R.L., Thorne, R.M. et al. (2015). Clinical comparison of the hybrid dynamic
compression plate and the castless plate for pancarpal arthrodesis in 219 dogs. Vet Surg 44 (1):
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Brown, E.A., Dickinson, P.J., Mansour, T. et al. (2017). FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 is responsible for
chondrodystrophy and intervertebral disc disease in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114 (43):
11476–11481.
Cetinkaya, M.A., Yardimci, C., and Saglam, M. (2007). Carpal laxity syndrome in forty-three puppies.
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