Page 181 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Commercial Pet Foods 183

applied topically. As the drum turns, the product tumbles upon
VetBooks.ir itself further coating each kibble. When dry coatings are used,
a fat coating is applied first to help the dry mixture adhere to
the kibbles, which are then tumbled similarly.

Packaging
Dry pet food packaging increases shelf life,protects the food from
infestation and provides product information. Classically, the
package of choice for dry pet foods is the bag, which can contain
as little as 100 g of product for use as samples or up to 20 kg or Figure 8-18. Diagram depicting pet food dryer components.
more of product for sale in mass merchandising outlets and ware- Freshly extruded kibbles enter the dryer and pass through heating
houses. Filling machines come in a variety of sizes and capacities zones on the upper conveyor, tumble to the next conveyer, pass
to handle various package sizes and shapes.The process is usual- through the cooler zones and finally exit the dryer. (Adapted with
ly automated and calibrated to ensure that the fill weight match- permission, Aeroglide Corporation, Raleigh, North Carolina.)
es the guaranteed weight on the package label. An overage of 0.5
to 2% is not uncommon to ensure weight compliance.
An important consideration in choosing packaging is the
type and amount of fat in the product to be packaged. As the
fat percentage increases, protection from “grease out” must also
increase. Grease out is caused by fat leaching out of the kibble
through the bag, leaving grease stains on the bag surface. It is,
therefore, of cosmetic concern and an indication of packaging
integrity, and doesn’t necessarily indicate rancidity or compro-
mised product quality. The lamination of a polyethylene, or
polypropylene, inner liner at a thickness proportional to the
amount of fat, a natural paper middle liner and a clay-coated
outer liner protect against grease out. Another consideration is
the saturation of the fat used. Vegetable oils, because of their
high degree of unsaturation, are liquid even at low temperatures
Figure 8-19. Rotating coating drum used for applying fat and flavor
and tend to migrate out of the kibble into the surrounding
enhancers to dry food. Nozzles (arrows) spray the appropriate
packaging.This process is accelerated if the kibble has rough or
ingredient while the product tumbles upon itself further coating
sharp edges that puncture the bag liner. Grease out may also each kibble.
occur more readily in conditions of high temperature during
storage and distribution. Failure to compensate for these effects manufacturing. Because of the higher moisture levels and
will lead to grease out and unsightly, stained packages. humectants in semi-moist foods, extruders are generally con-
Dry pet food products are increasingly found in nontradi- figured to produce lower cooking temperatures and lower die
tional packaging. Milk cartons, buckets and jugs are just a few pressures than found in dry product processing. These
examples seen in retail outlets. A consideration when using requirements are ideal for the twin-screw design, but single-
alternative packaging is the effect the material has on the flavor screw extruders may be used. Post-extrusion equipment dif-
or odor of the food. Some plastics used in packaging materials fers because the product does not go through the drying step,
impart “off” flavors that decrease palatability. but rather goes through low agitation coating drums where
Modified atmosphere packaging can be used to limit oxida- water, humectants and acids are added, then through a cooler
tion of fats in pet foods. Such packaging materials have a poly- (refrigerated air) to set the product’s structure and retain the
mer with barrier properties that preclude diffusion of air high moisture content and spongy texture.
including oxygen through to the kibbles.The significant reduc-
tion in gas exchange also allows for the use of nitrogen as a Mold Inhibition
flushing agent, just before sealing the package, to remove oxy- Semi-moist pet foods are high in moisture (25 to 35%) and, as
gen from the bag, which further reduces product oxidation. such, are more prone to spoilage from mold and bacteria. In
This is particularly helpful with dietary fats (e.g., eicosapen- addition, semi-moist foods are susceptible to moisture loss
taenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), which are highly sus- leading to loss of product integrity and texture. Semi-moist
ceptible to oxidation. products are formulated with mold and bacterial inhibitors and
humectants to retain moisture and packaged in moisture-proof
Principles of Semi-Moist Manufacturing barrier packaging.
Extrusion The measurement of how susceptible a product is to mold
The pre-extrusion equipment used to manufacture semi- growth is called a , or water activity. It is defined as the amount
w
moist pet foods is very similar to that used in dry product of moisture available for microbial growth and is calculated