Page 1091 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

7. Desmopressin may reduce urine production at night;
anticholinergics may reduce bladder contractions and
increase bladder capacity.
8. Encourage follow-up to determine the effectiveness of
the treatment.
VI. Cryptorchidism
A. Description: Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both
testes fail to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotal
sac.

B. Assessment: Testes are not palpable or easily guided into

the scrotum.
C. Interventions
1. Monitor during the first 6 months of life to determine
whether spontaneous descent occurs.
2. Surgical correction is commonly done at 6 months of
age and before 12 months, depending on the pediatric
surgeon’s preference.
3. Monitor for bleeding and infection postoperatively.

4. Instruct parents in postoperative home care

measures, including preventing infection, pain
control, and activity restrictions.

5. Provide an opportunity for parental

counseling if the parents are concerned about the
future fertility of the child.
VII. Epispadias and Hypospadias (Fig. 37-2)
A. Description
1. Epispadias and hypospadias are congenital defects
involving abnormal placement of the urethral orifice
of the penis.
2. These anatomical defects can lead to the easy entry of
bacteria into the urine.

B. Assessment

1. Epispadias: The urethral orifice is located on the
dorsal surface of the penis; the condition often occurs
with exstrophy of the bladder.
2. Hypospadias: Urethral orifice is located below the
glans penis along the ventral surface.
C. Surgical interventions: Surgery is done before the age of toilet
training, between 6 and 12 months of age, depending on the
pediatric surgeon’s preference.

1091