Page 310 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

b. The major concern is respiratory

depression, but postural hypotension,
urine retention, constipation, and
pupillary constriction may also occur;
monitor the client for adverse effects.

c. Morphine may cause nausea and

vomiting by increasing vestibular
sensitivity.
d. It is contraindicated in severe
respiratory disorders, head injuries,
severe renal disease, or seizure activity
and in the presence of increased
intracranial pressure.
e. Monitor the client for urine retention.
f. Monitor bowel sounds for decreased
peristalsis; constipation may occur.
g. Monitor the pupil for changes; pinpoint
pupils may indicate overdose.
IX. Laboratory Reference Intervals
For reference throughout the chapter, see Fig. 10-2.
A. Methods for drawing blood (Table 10-1)
B. Serum sodium
1. A major cation of extracellular fluid
2. Maintains osmotic pressure and acid-
base balance, and assists in the
transmission of nerve impulses
3. Is absorbed from the small intestine and
excreted in the urine in amounts
dependent on dietary intake
4. Normal reference interval: 135 to 145
mEq/L (135 to 145 mmol/L)

5. Elevated values occur in the

following: dehydration, impaired renal
function, increased dietary or IV intake
of sodium, primary aldosteronism, use
of corticosteroid therapy
6. Below normal values occur in the
following: Addison's disease, decreased
dietary of sodium, diabetic ketoacidosis,
diuretic therapy, excessive loss from the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, excessive
perspiration, water intoxication

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