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Modern Genetics: Additions, disorders can be caused by

Further Explanations, and single defective gene, or by
Exceptions to Mendel’s Laws entire defective
chromosomes.
· Genes are the “inheritance
· Sex-linked inheritance refers
factors “described in
to the inheritance of traits
Mendel’s laws.
which are due to genes
· The genes are passed on
located on the sex
from generation to
chromosomes.
generation and instruct the
· Pedigree analysis is a graphic
cell how to make proteins.
that shows the inheritance of
· DNA is a long molecule found
traits through a lineage.
in the formed by of two
strands of genes. Modern Genetics
· DNA carries two copies—two
· We can manipulate DNA to
“alleles”—of each gene.
produce protein we want by
Those alleles can either be
cutting and pasting
similar to each other
segments of DNA from
(homozygous), or dissimilar
different sources. These
(heterozygous).
collages of DNA are called
· A genotype refers to the
recombinant DNA.
genetic make-up of a trait,
· To cut the sections we can
while phenotype refers to the
use special proteins called
physical manifestation of the
restriction enzymes.
trait.
Restriction enzymes cut the
· Exceptions to Mendel’s laws
DNA at specific sequences
include incomplete
depending on the enzyme.
dominance, codominance,
There are over 3,000 known
and polygenic traits.
restriction enzymes.
Human Genetics · The Human Genome Project
was a global effort to
· A genetic disorder is simply a
sequence and map human
disease or disorder that is
genetic information.
inherited genetically. Genetic

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