Page 16 - Class Portfolio2019

UNIT I
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psycho-social Development

 Stage 1: INFANCY (0 to 2 years old)

PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS: Trust vs. Mistrust

 Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and
affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
 The infant is uncertain about the world in which they live and look towards their primary
caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
 The goal is to develop trust without completely eliminating the capacity for mistrust

 Stage 2: EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-4 years old)

PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

 Children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over
physical skills and a sense of independence.
 Parents should not discourage the child but neither should they push. A balance is
required
 The task is to achieve a degree of authority while minimizing shame and doubt.

 Stage 3: Preschool (3-5 years old)

PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS: Initiative vs. Guilt

 Children need to begin asserting control and power over the world through directing
play and other social interactions.
 This is a time for play, not for formal education. The child is now capable, as never
before, of imagining a future situation, one that isn't a reality right now
 The task is to learn initiative without too much guilt.

 Stage 4: School Age (3 to 5 years old)

PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS: Industry vs. Inferiority

 Children need to cope with new social and academic demands and through social
interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and
abilities.
 The task is to develop a capacity for industry while avoiding an excessive sense of
inferiority
 Children must "tame the imagination" and dedicate themselves to education and to
learning the social skills their society requires of them.
 Children will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own.
Teachers begin to take an important role in the child’s life as they teach the child
specific skills.

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