Page 46 - EXHIBIT 12 RESEARCH MANUAL

36 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES: MANUAL OF OPERATIONS

accomplish or achieve and must be attainable within the timeframe and the required
resources, not what he/she intends to do. They should be very simple, specific and
narrow enough to permit objective measurement under reasonable conditions.

k. Review of Literature

In several research proposals, the Review of Literature has been considered by many
evaluators as the “weakest link” in the development of proposals.

The Review of Literature briefly synthesizes past and current research findings and
the recommendations on the problem being investigated. It generally presents and
discusses what has been done about the problem. It also shows the State of the Art and
knowledge about the subject of investigation to which the proposal is built on and will
take off.

The literature reviews to be presented in the proposal should be within the last five to 10
years from which the project proposal will take off and be discussed.

The literature review in the proposal likewise ensures that there will be no duplication of
research works and guarantees that all the researchable areas shall be covered.

Note that the Review of Literature is a series of references that will strengthen the
position of the researcher in his/her research work. Hence, only those reviews that will
substantially strengthen the research position of the researcher should be included in
the review.

The following guidelines should be followed in organizing the Review of Literature:

● Make an outline of the topics to be presented;

● Classify the pertinent abstract of the reviewed literature into topics;

● Interrelate or group similar findings;

● Compare or contrast findings where appropriate;

● Use the Review of Literature to clarify, augment, support or contradict the idea;

● Present one idea per paragraph;

● Do not include a literature not relevant to the problem;

● Provide smooth transitions by using such words as “on the other hand”,
“nevertheless”, “in addition”, “in contrast”, etc.;

● Avoid so many reviewed articles on the same subject;

ISU-R&D-MO-066

RM.indb 36 11/11/14 1:55 PM