Page 48 - EXHIBIT 12 RESEARCH MANUAL

38 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES: MANUAL OF OPERATIONS

Usually illustrated using a diagram and accompanied by a textual explanation, the
framework contains both the dependent and independent variables and how these
variables are related or interrelated. It guides the researcher on how to analyze the
data and the methodology to be used. Note that not all projects need a Conceptual
Framework.

The logframe is a tabular description of the logical sequence of events to implement
the research project. Generally, it provides the general idea or overview of the entire
elements of the project in terms of the goals, purposes, expected outputs and
activities. Linked together in a logical sequence, these elements of the logframe
are usually measured in terms of verifiable indicators, means of verifying them and
important assumptions.

2. Sampling Procedure

Sampling consists of measuring portions of a population and from the measured
sampling units, obtaining estimates that are considered representative of the parent
population. While a complete enumeration is desirable, sampling is being done to
save on time and resources.

One of the fundamental concepts in sampling that a researcher should consider is
the sampling intensity which is the ratio of the sampling units for a given probability
and allowable sampling error to the population or universe to which estimates are
being obtained.

Depending on the degree of homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population and
the degree of required accuracy, the sample size is determined using either simple
random sampling, stratified random sampling or simply, systematic sampling. The
researcher should be able to find the relative strengths of the most appropriate
sampling techniques to be used in the research.

3. Methods of Data Collection

The Method of Data Collection provides answers to the nature and extent of data to
be collected, how the researcher proposes to collect them and how the data should
be processed to provide the necessary information for analysis.

Note that the information to be generated for analysis should be limited but
large enough to enable the proponent to be confident that the data collected is
trustworthy and serves the needs of the research. They may be obtained from
primary or secondary sources by actually gathering them from the field in terms
of experiments or through the use of personal interviews, interview schedules or
questionnaires in case of social research.

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