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40 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES: MANUAL OF OPERATIONS

n. Project duration

The project duration usually indicates the number of months or years the project shall
be accomplished based on the timetable of the planned activities.

o. Expected output

The expected output indicates the specific products, processes or services, information
or technologies which the project is expected to produce. Defined in terms of the social,
economic and related measures, these outputs should be explicitly determined in terms
of how they are being generated and realized through time.

In addition, the process on how the outputs should be promoted, utilized and
commercialized should also be thoroughly explained in the expected output. The
expected output statements in the proposal should be simple and measurable.

p. Target beneficiaries

The target beneficiaries of the project should be specified. They should be defined
in terms of how the expected outcomes, effects and impacts of the project are being
utilized.

q. Personnel requirement

By personnel requirement, we refer to the people or personnel who should be involved
in the project. They should be knowledgeable and skillful enough to do the research
work.

r. Literature Cited

The Literature Cited is actually a chronological list of reading materials referred to
in the project. The list should include books, periodicals, research reports, theses or
dissertations, proceedings, articles, or papers presented in various fora.
The purpose of citing the references is to allow the readers to follow through the
research work and compare them to the conclusions that the researcher has drawn from
the research. The references should never be thought of as a method for the readers to
think that the researcher has read enough.

For books, the proponent should be able to give the name author/s, year, edition,
publisher’s name and location. For articles in journals, the proponent should be able
to give the name of the authors, year, name of publication, volume and page numbers.
Note that if the proponent can not possibly give these details, then probably, he does
not have a proper reference. For web-based publications, the same basic principles
should be applied as in citing printed works.

Note that literature citations in peer-reviewed journals are more convincing than non-
reviewed materials. The use of pictures are acceptable, however, permission should be

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