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RESEARCH SERVICES POLICIES AND GUIDELINES 37

● Limit and avoid complementary papers by the same author;

● Cite results but not tabulated data;

● State research findings in your own words;

● Cite word for word by enclosing them in quotation marks; and

● Acknowledge sources of sentences or sections lifted from text or articles, and
other vividly striking expressions

l. Methodology

The Methodology generally describes the way the research work is carried out and
what equipment and materials are to be used in the process. It is geared towards
providing answers to the research questions as stated in the significance of the project
and the objectives as set. The measurement of the expected outputs that the project
will produce the set of indicators and expected values should also be included in the
methodology.

As in many technical researches involving experiments, the methodology should show
appropriate treatments used, the experimental layout, and appropriate statistical designs
and analysis systems. Discussion on how the data shall be generated, how frequent
the measurements should be taken and how the collected data will be processed and
reported are also discussed in the methodology.

The research methodology generally includes four major components as follows:

● Theoretical/Conceptual Framework and logframes

● Sampling Procedure;

● Methods of Data Collection; and

● Methods of Data Analysis.

1. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework/Logframe

The Theoretical Framework is a set of interrelated concepts that guides a researcher
on the things that he/she wants to measure and the statistical relationships he/she
is looking for.

Generally used in social science R&D, the Conceptual Framework is equivalent to
research design in the other sciences. It shows how the problem is viewed and how
the proposed interventions will lead to the solutions of the problem under study.
The Review of Literature should guide the researcher in contextualizing the problem
and identifying the variables to be looked into.

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