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84 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES: MANUAL OF OPERATIONS

programs and projects.

H. R&D Program Elements and Environment

Like other programs, the management of R&D has four major elements: (1) program aspirations
and identification of needs; (2) program inputs and activities; (3) program results; and (4)
program monitoring and evaluation. The interrelationships of these elements and they interact
with the environment are shown in Figure 4 below. Each of these are briefly discussed in the
following sections.

1. Program Aspirations and Identification of Needs

Comparable with any research-oriented institutions, the development of R&D programs
at ISU emanates from ISU’s aspirations, vision and mission, guiding principles and policies,
current state of affairs and goals and objectives.
Aspirations, vision and mission, guiding principles and policies and goals and objectives
answer what the research institution wants of its R&D programs.

The current state of affairs reflects the current situation and condition of the ISU in terms of
the various factors that affect it and how the institution can satisfy the needs of the program.
However, the institutions’ aspirations and needs are vertically integrated and they range
from ISU’s R&D dreams and ambitions.

Based on the goals and objectives which are guided by some institutional principles and
policies, the current state of the institution’s R&D programs, current and expected RDET
requirements and availability of financial resources, specific R&D programs and activities
are quantified and determined.

2. Program Inputs

R&D program inputs consist of the manpower and the other resources that are needed
for the purpose of attaining the R&D program objectives while R&D program activities are
actions undertaken in order to execute and implement the program plans.

3. Program Results

The results of the R&D program can be classified into three major categories: (a) program
outputs, (b) program effects, and (c) program impacts.

Program outputs are the physical outcomes produced by the program and measurements
of services provided. Program effects are the direct and immediate consequences of the
program.

Program impacts are the changes in the environment as may be brought about by the
program.

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