Page 157 - Physiology and Pathophysiology MNU 2024-2025 نظرى

Clinical pharmacy 2024/2025 Level 2 Pharm D Physiology and Pathophysiology (MD303)
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Hypertensive patient Arterial pressure↑➔↑ afterload ➔ difficult Atherosclerosis Narrow blood vessels ➔↑ TPR ➔↓ COP
pump ➔↓ COP

Hemodynamic = Blood movement

Is the study of factors that control blood flow.
 Direction of blood flow: From artery  arteriole  capillaries  venule  vein.
Anatomy of blood vessels (The wall of blood vessel consists of 3 layers)
1. Tunica interna Innermost layer of endothelial cells resting on a layer of connective tissue called  basement membrane

✓ A middle layer  smooth muscle (make it less elastic, response rapid to contraction) + elastic fibers
2. Tunica media (make it more elastic)
✓ Different in each blood vessels

3. Tunica externa An outer layer of  connective tissue. ➔ Support Blood vessels

Types and characteristics of blood vessels

1- Arteries
1. Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues  except pulmonary artery.
2. Thick-walled ➔ receive blood directly from the heart (under high pressure). ➔ high ratio of elastic fiber
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3. The blood volume contained in the arteries is called  stressed blood volume (meaning the blood volume under high

pressure).
Elastic arteries Muscular arteries (More smooth muscle)
(Near the heart) (Away from heart, near tissue)
Types
* Include medium & small sized arteries that branch from
* Include the aorta and other nearby branches.
elastic arteries.

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