Page 31 - Physiology and Pathophysiology MNU 2024-2025 نظرى

Clinical pharmacy 2024/2025 Level 2 Pharm D Physiology and Pathophysiology (MD303)

Organs With Dual Innervation

Most organs receive innervation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

Types:

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the same cells, but

Actions counteract each other.
Antagonistic
Examples:

Heart rate & eye pupil.

Sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation produces similar effects.

Complementary: Examples:

Salivary gland secretion.

Sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation produce different effects

that work together to produce desired effect.
Cooperative
Example

Micturition.

Organs Without Dual Innervation

 Regulation achieved by increasing or decreasing firing rate.

 Organ receives only sympathetic innervations-

1. Adrenal medulla

2. Piloerector muscle

3. Sweat glands.

4. Most blood vessels.

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