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History & Theories of Urban planning Book

• Despite being a fortified fortress, it never witnessed a battle, and even fell prey to
invaders twice, despite its impenetrable determination.

• The square, called Piazza Grande, is designed in the shape of a regular hexagon,
surrounded by important and major buildings, including the cathedral.

• Although there are other star-shaped fortified cities in Europe, such as Hamins
(Finland), Coevordene and Naarden (Netherlands), and Neuf-Brisach (France),
Palmanova is an example of exclusivity in Europe with its 7-kilometer-long
fortifications, as well as The structure of the city and its fortresses continue to be in
good condition to this day.

Baroque Age

• The Baroque style is a term for many forms of art that prevailed in Western
Europe and Latin America in the period from 1600 to 1700.

• (Baroque): It is a term (literally meaning strange, inconsistent, crooked shape)
that historians of the history of architecture and art gave to the architectural and
artistic works that appeared in the early eighteenth century and were centered
in Italy and its capital, Rome.

• It is a style linked to the culture and sciences of the era in which it appeared that
it was linked to the nature of religious sciences, political events and cultural
developments that mixed with the Catholic doctrine and defined its foundations
and teachings.

• This style was represented by the use of huge statues connected to the counters
of the upper floors, the division of stones in large proportions contrary to
aesthetic appearances, the establishment of two columns on the sides of the
window openings, in addition to the extravagant use of decorations and the large
number of curves in the lines + the use of plant elements and human forms as
decorative elements in the facades.

Urban in that era:

• We notice the diagonal orthogonal mesh in Rome's Piazza del Popolo and the
presence of a square with a landmark (tombstone)

• Small nuclei scattered

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Dr. Sherein El-Shahat