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• The WHO advocates that these analgesics
should be given by the clock, that is every 3-6
hours, rather than on demand.

• This stepped approach of administering the right
drug in the right dose at the right time is
inexpensive and generally effective in managing
acute pain.

• ADV: Safety, in that safest drugs are used first in
their lowest effective dose

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Pharmacological Interventions
Non-opioid Therapeutic Strategies

• Primary Analgesics (Non-Opioid Pain Medications)
• “Analgesics” according to pharmacological actions

• Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS)
• Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA)

• Propionic Acids: Ibuprofen, Naproxen
• Acetic Acids: Diclofenac, Etodolac, Sulindac,Indomethacin •
Oxicams: Meloxicam, Piroxicam
• Nonacidic: Nabumetone
• COX-2 selective: celecoxib
• Acetaminophen (APAP)

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