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General Microbiology & Immunology (PM 401) Second level Semester 4 2024/2025
3. Co-stimulation: Additional signals are provided by co-stimulatory molecules
to fully activate T cells.
4. Clonal Expansion: Activated T cells proliferate, forming a large population of
effector T cells and memory T cells.
5. Effector Function: Effector T cells carry out their roles (cytotoxic T cells kill
infected cells; helper T cells assist in immune responses by releasing cytokines).
General Microbiology & Immunology (PM 401) theoretical handbook Page 127
