Page 45 - MNU microbiology theoritical 2025

General Microbiology & Immunology (PM 401) Second level Semester 4 2024/2025

B- Active Transport
• Cell uses energy

• Actively moves molecules to where they are needed

• Movement from an area of low concentration to an

area of high concentration (Low → High)

Protein Pumps

Transport proteins that require energy to do work
• Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps.
• Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy in the form of
ATP

C- Bulk Transport
Used for molecules that are too large to be moved by transport proteins

• Instead, vesicles take them into or out of the cell
• Requires metabolic energy

1 - Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis .

2- Exocytosis

General Microbiology & Immunology (PM 401) theoretical handbook Page 34