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Fred Spoor
The claim that Australopithecus and Homo habilis walked upright was
disproved by inner ear analyses carried out by Fred Spoor. He and his team
compared the centers of balances in the inner ears, and showed that both
moved in a similar way to apes of our own time.
This finding yielded two important results:
1. Fossils referred to as Homo habilis did not actually belong to the
genus Homo, i.e., humans, but to that of Australopithecus, i.e., apes.
2. Both Homo habilis and Australopithecus were creatures that walked
stooped forward—that is to say, they had the skeleton of an ape. They
have no relation whatsoever to man.
The Misconception about Homo rudolfensis
The term Homo rudolfensis is the name given to a few fossil fragments
unearthed in 1972. The species supposedly represented by this fossil was
designated Homo rudolfensis because these fossil fragments were found in
the vicinity of Lake Rudolf in Kenya. Most paleoanthropologists accept
that these fossils do not belong to a distinct species, but that the creature
called Homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from Homo habilis.
Richard Leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull
designated KNM-ER 1470, which he said was 2.8 million years old, as the
greatest discovery in the history of anthropology. According to Leakey,
this creature, which had a small cranial capacity like that of
Australopithecus together with a face similar to that of present-day
humans, was the missing link between Australopithecus and humans. Yet,
after a short while, it was realized that the human-like face of the KNM-
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