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Fred Spoor
             The claim that Australopithecus and Homo habilis walked upright was
             disproved by inner ear analyses carried out by Fred Spoor. He and his team
             compared the centers of balances in the inner ears, and showed that both
             moved in a similar way to apes of our own time.



                 This finding yielded two important results:
                 1. Fossils referred to as Homo habilis did not actually belong to the
             genus Homo, i.e., humans, but to that of Australopithecus, i.e., apes.
                 2. Both Homo habilis and Australopithecus were creatures that walked
             stooped forward—that is to say, they had the skeleton of an ape. They
             have no relation whatsoever to man.


                 The Misconception about Homo rudolfensis
                 The term Homo rudolfensis is the name given to a few fossil fragments
             unearthed in 1972. The species supposedly represented by this fossil was
             designated Homo rudolfensis because these fossil fragments were found in
             the vicinity of Lake Rudolf in Kenya. Most paleoanthropologists accept
             that these fossils do not belong to a distinct species, but that the creature
             called Homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from Homo habilis.
                 Richard Leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull
             designated KNM-ER 1470, which he said was 2.8 million years old, as the
             greatest discovery in the history of anthropology. According to Leakey,
             this creature, which had a small cranial capacity like that of
             Australopithecus together with a face similar to that of present-day
             humans, was the missing link between Australopithecus and humans. Yet,
             after a short while, it was realized that the human-like face of the KNM-


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