Page 24 - The Evolution Impasse 1
P. 24

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                                                       a

                                                     A An amino acid molecule consists of a carbon
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                                                                                  )
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                                                       m

                                                     a atom bonded to an amino group (-NH ), a car- -
                                                     t
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                                                                                H

                                                          o
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                                                                         g

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                                                                  n
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                                                                                  ,
                                                                              N

                                                                             (

                                                                                 2 2
                               H H                   b boxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom and a
                                                                    )

                                                                  H

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                                                              (

                                                                                     d

                                                               C

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                                                             r
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                                                     s side chain group (-R).
                                                             g
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                                                           n
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                                                                   )
                                                                    .
                                                           i
                                                                 (
            H H 2 2  N N       C C        C C    O O   O O   H H
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               n
                  a
             A Amino acid                       C Carboxyl group

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               g group                                             H H         G Glycine
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                               R R
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                                                                   H
                         S Side chain group                      C CH 3 3      A Alanine

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                                                                     C CH 3 3
                                                                      H
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                                                                               V Valine
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                                                                  H
                   I

                    N
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                       A

                                   U
                 A AMINO ACID STRUCTURE                          C CH
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                  M
                                                                     C CH 3 3
                                                                      H
                             H H
             O O
                   C C       C C    A Are bonded to various s
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                                    R R groups from here. .       C CH 2 2         P Phenyl l

                                       r
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                                                                                       n
                                                                                      i
                                                                                    l
           H HO              N N                                                   a alanine e
             O
                         H H      H H
                                                                            H
                                                                          C CH 2 2
                                                                 H
                                                                       H
                              g
                                                                                    u

                            n
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          A Acid group   A Amino group                         C CH 2 2  C CH 2 2  L Leucine
              r
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            d
             g
                 p

                u
                                                                            H
                                                                          C CH 2 2
                          c
               B Basic amino acid part t
                          i
                       o

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                a

                            p
                             a
                    a

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                                                                           H
              E EXAMPLES                                                  N NH 2 2
               A
                M
                    E
                    S
              X
                  P
                   L
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                                                                                      a
                                                                                    a
                                                               C CH     C C      A Asparagine
                                                                 H
                       H H                                        2 2
           O O
               C C     C C         H H                                  O O
         H HO          N N 2 2             C CH 3 3             C CH  C CH 2 2  C CH 3 3
           O
                                                                       H
                                                                             H
                                                                 H
                                            H
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                       H H                                                        I Isoleucine
          O O
                                                                  H
                                    C CH                        C CH 3 3
                                      H
               C C     C C
          H HO         N N 2 2             C CH 3 3   P Proteins are made up of amino acids. .
           O
                                             H
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                                                             a
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                                                      A Although amino acid molecules are
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                                                                  a

                                                          s
                                                                   n

                                                                        i
                                                      m much smaller than proteins, they have
                                                                             e
                                                              l
                                                                            th
                                                                              y
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                                                                         n
                                                              l

                                                                          s
                                                                           ,
                                                             l
                                                            g
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                                                        e
                                                      e exceedingly complex structures. .
                                                       x
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                                                                   l
                                                                   e
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